EX-99.1 2 y92240exv99w1.htm EX-99.1 exv99w1
Exhibit 99.1
ALLEGHANY CORPORATION
7 Times Square Tower, 17th Floor
New York NY 10036
Contact: C.K. Dalrymple
(212) 752-1356
FOR IMMEDIATE RELEASE
ALLEGHANY CORPORATION REPORTS 2011 SECOND QUARTER RESULTS — STOCKHOLDERS’ EQUITY PER COMMON SHARE INCREASES 4.8 PERCENT SINCE 2010 YEAR END
     NEW YORK, NY, August 4, 2011 — Stockholders’ equity per common share of Alleghany Corporation (NYSE-Y) at June 30, 2011 was $340.97, an increase of 4.8% from stockholders’ equity per common share of $325.31 at December 31, 2010 (all as adjusted for the stock dividend declared in February 2011), Weston M. Hicks, President and chief executive officer of Alleghany, announced today. Alleghany’s 2011 second quarter net earnings were $15.1 million, or $1.69 per common share (presented on a basic basis throughout), compared with net earnings of $66.3 million, or $7.26 per common share, in the second quarter of 2010. For the first six months of 2011, net earnings were $86.4 million, or $9.69 per common share, compared with net earnings of $124.4 million, or $13.58 per common share, in the first six months of 2010. Consolidated cash and invested assets were approximately $4.98 billion at June 30, 2011, compared with $4.88 billion at December 31, 2010.
     Commenting on Alleghany’s results, Mr. Hicks stated that “Alleghany produced disappointing results in the 2011 second quarter reflecting the impact of catastrophe losses from severe weather at our RSUI subsidiary, adverse reserve development at our Pacific Comp and CATA subsidiaries and negative returns on our equity portfolio. In the 2011 second quarter, Pacific Comp increased prior accident year reserves by $15.0 million and CATA increased prior accident year reserves by a net $2.7 million, with such increases partially offset by a $12.1 million release of prior accident year reserves at RSUI. Despite the impact of these items,

 


 

Alleghany still grew stockholders’ equity per common share by 4.8% in the first half of 2011. We continue to see a competitive property and casualty insurance market. However, renewal price changes in many lines are no longer negative, and we are cautiously optimistic about the prospect for improvements in catastrophe-exposed property insurance and workers’ compensation pricing.”
     “With respect to our investment performance, the total return on our investments on a consolidated basis, excluding other invested assets consisting primarily of our Homesite and ORX investments, was 0.3% in the second quarter and 4.5% in the first six months of 2011. The total return on our fixed income portfolio was 2.4% in the second quarter and 3.2% in the first six months of 2011. The total return on our equity portfolio was a negative 3.6% in the second quarter and 6.5% in the first six months of 2011, compared with the S&P 500’s total return of 0.1% for the second quarter and 6.0% for the first six months of 2011.”
     Net earnings amounts include the following components:
                                                                 
    Three Months ended June 30,   Six Months ended June 30,
    Amount   Per Share   Amount   Per Share
(in millions, except per share amounts)   2011   2010   2011   2010   2011   2010   2011   2010
Net catastrophe (losses) after tax
  $ (16.1 )   $ (13.1 )   $ (1.80 )   $ (1.44 )   $ (18.0 )   $ (12.9 )   $ (2.01 )   $ (1.41 )
Net realized capital gains after tax
  $ 4.2     $ 21.7     $ 0.47     $ 2.37     $ 26.8     $ 38.8     $ 3.00     $ 4.24  
Other than temporary impairment (losses) after tax
        $ (3.7 )         $ (0.40 )         $ (4.4 )         $ (0.48 )

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     A summary of Alleghany’s pre-tax results for the three and six months ended June 30, 2011 and 2010 is as follows:
                                                 
    Three Months ended             Six Months ended        
    June 30,             June 30,        
(in millions)   2011     2010     Change     2011     2010     Change  
 
                                               
AIHL insurance group (1):
                                               
Underwriting profit (loss) (2)
                                               
RSUI
  $ 19.5     $ 43.8     $ (24.3 )   $ 68.5     $ 80.6     $ (12.1 )
CATA
    (1.7 )     2.7       (4.4 )     (1.0 )     3.0       (4.0 )
PCC
    (20.6 )     (5.5 )     (15.1 )     (26.9 )     (10.9 )     (16.0 )
 
                                   
 
    (2.8 )     41.0       (43.8 )     40.6       72.7       (32.1 )
Net investment income
    31.0       33.0       (2.0 )     61.2       66.3       (5.1 )
Net realized capital gains
    6.5       32.7       (26.2 )     41.2       55.5       (14.3 )
Other than temporary impairment losses (3)
          (5.7 )     5.7             (6.8 )     6.8  
Other income, less other expenses
    (7.2 )     (7.5 )     0.3       (16.9 )     (15.9 )     (1.0 )
 
                                   
Total AIHL insurance group
  $ 27.5     $ 93.5     $ (66.0 )   $ 126.1     $ 171.8     $ (45.7 )
 
                                               
Corporate activities (4)
                                               
Net investment income
    (2.4 )     (0.3 )     (2.1 )     (1.0 )     (2.2 )     1.2  
Net realized capital gains
          0.6       (0.6 )           4.3       (4.3 )
Other than temporary impairment losses
                                   
Other income
    0.1       1.3       (1.2 )     0.8       1.3       (0.5 )
Corporate administration and other expenses
    6.4       6.8       0.4       13.2       12.5       (0.7 )
Interest expense
    4.3       0.1       (4.2 )     8.7       0.1       (8.6 )
 
                                   
Total Corporate activities
    (13.0 )     (5.3 )     (7.7 )     (22.1 )     (9.2 )     (12.9 )
 
                                   
Total
  $ 14.5     $ 88.2       ($73.7 )   $ 104.0     $ 162.6     $ (58.6 )
 
                                               
Income taxes
    (0.6 )     21.9       22.5       17.6       38.2       20.6  
 
                                   
Net earnings
  $ 15.1     $ 66.3     $ (51.2 )   $ 86.4     $ 124.4     $ (38.0 )
 
                                   
 
(1)   Alleghany Insurance Holdings LLC (“AIHL”), the holding company for Alleghany’s property and casualty and surety insurance operating units consisting of RSUI Group, Inc. (“RSUI”), Capitol Transamerica Corporation and Platte River Insurance Company (collectively, “CATA”) and Pacific Compensation Corporation (“PCC”), as well as AIHL Re LLC.
 
(2)   Represents net premiums earned less loss and loss adjustment expenses and commissions, brokerage and other underwriting expenses, all as determined in accordance with GAAP, and does not include net investment income, net realized capital gains, other-than-temporary impairment losses, other income or other expenses. Please refer to “Comment on Regulation G” elsewhere herein.
 
(3)   Reflects impairment charges for unrealized losses related to the investment portfolio that are required to be charged against earnings as realized losses.
 
(4)   Corporate activities consist of Alleghany Properties Holdings LLC, Alleghany’s investments in Homesite Group Incorporated (“Homesite”) and ORX Exploration, Inc. (“ORX”), and Corporate activities at the parent level.
     Results for the second quarter of 2011, compared with the corresponding 2010 period, primarily reflect a decrease in pre-tax net earnings at AIHL and higher pre-tax net losses at Corporate activities. The decrease in AIHL’s 2011 second quarter pre-tax earnings primarily reflects an underwriting loss at AIHL compared with an underwriting profit in the 2010 second quarter and a decrease in net realized capital gains. The underwriting loss at AIHL is primarily the result of an

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increase in loss and loss adjustment expenses at RSUI and PCC. The increase in RSUI’s loss and loss adjustment expenses in the 2011 second quarter primarily reflects the impact of higher catastrophe losses, and a $12.1 million release of prior year reserves during the period, compared with a $21.3 million release of prior year reserves during the corresponding 2010 period. The increase in loss and loss adjustment expenses at PCC primarily reflects the impact of a $15.0 million increase in prior year reserves during the 2011 second quarter, compared with no increase during the corresponding 2010 period. Results at Corporate activities in the 2011 second quarter primarily reflect higher interest expenses and lower net investment income. The higher interest expenses primarily reflect Alleghany’s issuance in the 2010 third quarter of senior long-term debt while the decrease in net investment income is due primarily to an increase in Alleghany’s equity share of losses related to Alleghany’s investment in Homesite.
     Results for the first six months of 2011, compared with the corresponding 2010 period, primarily reflect a decrease in pre-tax net earnings at AIHL and higher pre-tax net losses at Corporate activities. The decrease in AIHL’s pre-tax earnings in the first six months of 2011 primarily reflects lower underwriting profits at AIHL compared with the corresponding 2010 period and a decrease in net realized capital gains. The lower underwriting profit at AIHL is primarily the result of an increase in loss and loss adjustment expenses substantially resulting from the impact of a $15.0 million increase in prior year reserves at PCC during the first six months of 2011, compared with no increase during the corresponding 2010 period. Results at Corporate activities in the first six months of 2011 primarily reflect higher interest expenses substantially due to Alleghany’s issuance in the 2010 third quarter of senior long-term debt.
     Information regarding the pre-tax results of AIHL’s operating units is attached as Exhibit A. During the first six months of 2011, Alleghany repurchased in the open market an aggregate of 66,341

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shares of its common stock for approximately $21.3 million, at an average price per share of $320.72 (such share and average price amounts are not adjusted for the stock dividend declared in February 2011), pursuant to the previously announced authorization by its Board of Directors to repurchase up to $300.0 million of Alleghany’s common stock. As of August 2, 2011, Alleghany had 8,862,012 shares of its common stock outstanding, adjusted to reflect the stock dividend declared in February 2011.
     Additional information regarding Alleghany’s 2011 results for the second quarter and first six months of 2011, including management’s discussion and analysis of Alleghany’s financial condition and results of operations, is contained in Alleghany’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the period ended June 30, 2011, to be filed with the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (the “SEC”) on or about August 4, 2011. The Form 10-Q will be available on Alleghany’s website at www.alleghany.com and on the SEC’s website at www.sec.gov. Readers are urged to review the Form 10-Q for a more complete discussion of Alleghany’s financial performance.
Comment on Regulation G
     This press release includes certain non-GAAP financial measures. The reconciliations of such measures to the most comparable GAAP financial measures are included in Exhibit A of this press release. Throughout this press release Alleghany presents its operations in the way it believes will be most meaningful and useful to the investing public and others who use such information in evaluating Alleghany’s results.
     Alleghany shows earnings before income taxes (a GAAP financial measure), as well as underwriting profit (a non-GAAP financial measure), which is earnings before income taxes, adjusted to exclude the impact of net investment income, net realized capital gains, other-than-temporary impairment losses and other income, less other expenses. The presentation of

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underwriting profit is intended to enhance the understanding of AIHL’s insurance operating units’ operating results by highlighting earnings attributable to their underwriting performance. With respect to AIHL’s insurance operating units, earnings before income taxes may show a profit despite an underlying underwriting loss. If underwriting losses persist over extended periods, an insurance company’s ability to continue as an ongoing concern may be at risk. Investors should consider the non-GAAP measures contained herein in addition to, and not as a substitute for, measures of financial performance prepared in accordance with GAAP.
# # #

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Forward-looking Statements
     This release contains disclosures which are forward-looking statements as defined in the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995. Forward-looking statements include all statements that do not relate solely to historical or current facts, and can be identified by the use of words such as “may,” “will,” “expect,” “project,” “estimate,” “anticipate,” “plan,” “believe,” “potential,” “should,” “continue” or the negative versions of those words or other comparable words. These forward-looking statements are based upon Alleghany’s current plans or expectations and are subject to a number of uncertainties and risks that could significantly affect current plans, anticipated actions and Alleghany’s future financial condition and results. These statements are not guarantees of future performance, and Alleghany has no specific intention to update these statements. The uncertainties and risks include, but are not limited to, risks relating to
    significant weather-related or other natural or human-made catastrophes and disasters;
 
    the cyclical nature of the property and casualty insurance industry;
 
    adverse loss development for events insured by Alleghany’s insurance operating units in either the current year or prior years;
 
    changes in market prices of Alleghany’s significant equity investments and changes in value of Alleghany’s debt securities portfolio;
 
    the long-tail and potentially volatile nature of certain casualty lines of business written by AIHL’s insurance operating units;
 
    the cost and availability of reinsurance;
 
    exposure to terrorist acts;
 
    the willingness and ability of AIHL’s insurance operating units’ reinsurers to pay reinsurance recoverables owed to such insurance operating units;
 
    changes in the ratings assigned to AIHL’s insurance operating units;
 
    claims development and the process of estimating reserves;
 
    legal and regulatory changes, including the new federal financial regulatory reform of the insurance industry established by the Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act;
 
    the uncertain nature of damage theories and loss amounts; and
 
    increases in the levels of risk retention by AIHL’s insurance operating units.
     Additional risks and uncertainties include general economic and political conditions, including the effects of a prolonged U.S. or global economic downturn or recession; changes in costs; variations in political, economic or other factors; risks relating to conducting operations in a competitive environment; effects of acquisition and disposition activities, inflation rates or recessionary or expansive trends; changes in interest rates; extended labor disruptions, civil unrest or other external factors over which Alleghany has no control; and changes in Alleghany’s plans, strategies, objectives, expectations or intentions, which may happen at any time at its discretion. As a consequence, current plans, anticipated actions and future financial condition and results may differ from those expressed in any forward-looking statements made by Alleghany or on Alleghany’s behalf.

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ALLEGHANY CORPORATION
COMBINING STATEMENTS OF EARNINGS

(dollars in thousands)
(unaudited)
                                                 
    THREE MONTHS ENDED 6/30/11     THREE MONTHS ENDED 6/30/10  
    ALLEGHANY                     ALLEGHANY              
    INSURANCE     CORPORATE             INSURANCE     CORPORATE        
    HOLDINGS     ACTIVITIES     COMBINED     HOLDINGS     ACTIVITIES     COMBINED  
         
Revenues
                                               
Net premiums earned
  $ 183,878     $ 0     $ 183,878     $ 188,809     $ 0     $ 188,809  
Net investment income
    30,990       (2,445 )     28,545       32,957       (263 )     32,694  
Net realized capital gains
    6,490       0       6,490       32,749       559       33,308  
Other than temporary impairment losses
    0       0       0       (5,703 )     0       (5,703 )
Other income
    166       82       248       150       1,351       1,501  
 
                                   
 
                                               
Total revenues
  $ 221,524       ($2,363 )   $ 219,161     $ 248,962     $ 1,647     $ 250,609  
 
                                               
Costs and expenses
                                               
Loss and loss adjustment expenses
    122,619       0       122,619       83,027       0       83,027  
Commissions, brokerage and other underwriting expenses
    64,132       0       64,132       64,773       0       64,773  
Other operating expenses
    7,333       1,340       8,673       7,553       529       8,082  
Corporate administration
    12       4,990       5,002       12       6,312       6,324  
Interest expense
    (54 )     4,322       4,268       145       71       216  
 
                                   
 
                                               
Total costs and expenses
  $ 194,042     $ 10,652     $ 204,694     $ 155,510     $ 6,912     $ 162,422  
 
                                   
 
                                               
Earnings (loss) before income taxes
  $ 27,482       ($13,015 )   $ 14,467     $ 93,452       ($5,265 )   $ 88,187  
 
                                       
 
                                               
Income taxes
                    (615 )                     21,916  
 
                                           
 
                                               
Net earnings
                  $ 15,082                     $ 66,271  
 
                                           

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ALLEGHANY CORPORATION
COMBINING STATEMENTS OF EARNINGS

(dollars in thousands)
(unaudited)
                                                 
    SIX MONTHS ENDED 6/30/11     SIX MONTHS ENDED 6/30/10  
    ALLEGHANY                     ALLEGHANY              
    INSURANCE     CORPORATE             INSURANCE     CORPORATE        
    HOLDINGS     ACTIVITIES     COMBINED     HOLDINGS     ACTIVITIES     COMBINED  
Revenues
                                               
Net premiums earned
  $ 364,858     $ 0     $ 364,858     $ 383,509     $ 0     $ 383,509  
Net investment income
    61,178       (1,054 )     60,124       66,338       (2,215 )     64,123  
Net realized capital gains
    41,182       0       41,182       55,444       4,331       59,775  
Other than temporary impairment losses
    0       0       0       (6,780 )     0       (6,780 )
Other income
    297       836       1,133       287       1,347       1,634  
 
                                   
 
                                               
Total revenues
  $ 467,515       ($218 )   $ 467,297     $ 498,798     $ 3,463     $ 502,261  
 
                                               
Costs and expenses
                                               
Loss and loss adjustment expenses
    193,641       0       193,641       179,654       0       179,654  
Commissions, brokerage and other underwriting expenses
    130,660       0       130,660       131,129       0       131,129  
Other operating expenses
    17,113       1,806       18,919       15,911       1,022       16,933  
Corporate administration
    23       11,358       11,381       24       11,534       11,558  
Interest expense
    24       8,696       8,720       294       141       435  
 
                                   
 
                                               
Total costs and expenses
  $ 341,461     $ 21,860     $ 363,321     $ 327,012     $ 12,697     $ 339,709  
 
                                   
 
                                               
Earnings (loss) before income taxes
  $ 126,054       ($22,078 )   $ 103,976     $ 171,786       ($9,234 )   $ 162,552  
 
                                       
 
                                               
Income taxes
                    17,554                       38,112  
 
                                           
 
                                               
Net earnings
                  $ 86,422                     $ 124,440  
 
                                           

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ALLEGHANY CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES
CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS

(dollars in thousands, except share amounts)
                 
    June 30,   December 31,
    2011   2010
Assets
               
Investments
               
Available for sale securities at fair value:
               
Equity securities (cost: 2011 $1,406,542; 2010 $1,310,009)
  $ 1,642,108     $ 1,500,686  
Debt securities (amortized cost: 2011 $2,706,761; 2010 $2,778,117)
    2,795,231       2,832,411  
Short-term investments
    262,445       264,811  
     
 
    4,699,784       4,597,908  
Other invested assets
    198,878       207,294  
     
Total investments
    4,898,662       4,805,202  
     
 
               
Cash
    85,484       76,741  
Premium balances receivable
    195,985       128,075  
Reinsurance recoverables
    872,589       873,295  
Ceded unearned premium reserves
    162,773       144,065  
Deferred acquisition costs
    72,125       67,692  
Property and equipment at cost, net of accumulated depreciation and amortization
    20,269       19,504  
Goodwill and other intangibles, net of amortization
    140,635       142,312  
Current taxes receivable
    12,529       0  
Net deferred tax assets
    37,196       77,147  
Other assets
    117,620       97,666  
     
 
  $ 6,615,867     $ 6,431,699  
     
 
               
Liabilities and Stockholders’ Equity
               
Losses and loss adjustment expenses
  $ 2,324,386     $ 2,328,742  
Unearned premiums
    588,848       523,927  
Senior Notes
    298,979       298,923  
Reinsurance payable
    67,241       41,500  
Current taxes payable
    0       3,220  
Other liabilities
    306,964       326,519  
     
Total liabilities
    3,586,418       3,522,831  
     
Common stock (shares authorized: 2011 and 2010 — 22,000,000; issued and outstanding: 2011 — 9,117,787; 2010 — 9,300,448)
    9,117       9,118  
Contributed capital
    937,057       928,816  
Accumulated other comprehensive income
    218,149       170,262  
Treasury stock, at cost (2011 — 232,914 shares; 2010 — 351,532 shares)
    (68,271 )     (99,686 )
Retained earnings
    1,933,397       1,900,358  
     
Total stockholders’ equity
    3,029,449       2,908,868  
     
 
  $ 6,615,867     $ 6,431,699  
     

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Exhibit A
AIHL Operating Unit Pre-Tax Results
                                                                 
    Three months ended June 30, 2011     Six months ended June 30, 2011  
(in millions, except ratios)   RSUI     CATA     PCC     AIHL     RSUI     CATA     PCC     AIHL  
Gross premiums written
  $ 320.7     $ 38.6     $ 0.7     $ 360.0     $ 532.9     $ 76.2     $ 1.1     $ 610.2  
Net premiums written
    206.6       36.2       1.8       244.6       337.4       71.6       2.2       411.2  
Net premiums earned (1)
  $ 144.4     $ 37.9     $ 1.6     $ 183.9     $ 286.0     $ 77.1     $ 1.7     $ 364.8  
Loss and loss adjustment expenses
    84.0       22.5       16.1       122.6       135.2       41.6       16.8       193.6  
Commissions, brokerage and other underwriting expenses (2)
    40.9       17.1       6.1       64.1       82.3       36.5       11.8       130.6  
         
Underwriting profit (loss) (3)
  $ 19.5     $ (1.7 )   $ (20.6 )   $ (2.8 )   $ 68.5     $ (1.0 )   $ (26.9 )   $ 40.6  
                         
Net investment income (1)
                            31.0                               61.2  
Net realized capital gains (1)
                            6.5                               41.2  
Other than temporary impairment losses (1)
                                                           
Other income (1)
                            0.1                               0.3  
Other expenses (2)
                            7.3                               17.2  
                                   
Earnings before income taxes
                          $ 27.5                             $ 126.1  
                                   
 
Loss ratio (4)
    58.2 %     59.5 %     1006.1 %     66.7 %     47.3 %     53.9 %     992.3 %     53.1 %
Expense ratio (5)
    28.3 %     45.1 %     386.6 %     34.9 %     28.8 %     47.4 %     697.2 %     35.8 %
         
Combined ratio (6)
    86.5 %     104.6 %     1392.7 %     101.6 %     76.1 %     101.3 %     1689.5 %     88.9 %
                                                                 
    Three months ended June 30, 2010     Six months ended June 30, 2010  
(in millions, except ratios)   RSUI     CATA     PCC     AIHL     RSUI     CATA     PCC     AIHL  
Gross premiums written
  $ 300.6     $ 47.0     $ (0.6 )   $ 347.0     $ 522.6     $ 87.5     $ 1.9     $ 612.0  
Net premiums written
    185.1       44.3       (0.6 )     228.8       315.5       82.5       1.8       399.8  
Net premiums earned (1)
  $ 146.3     $ 41.5     $ 1.0     $ 188.8     $ 296.6     $ 82.1     $ 4.9     $ 383.6  
Loss and loss adjustment expenses
    62.3       19.6       1.1       83.0       135.2       40.6       4.0       179.8  
Commissions, brokerage and other underwriting expenses (2)
    40.2       19.2       5.4       64.8       80.8       38.5       11.8       131.1  
         
Underwriting profit (loss) (3)
  $ 43.8     $ 2.7     $ (5.5 )   $ 41.0     $ 80.6     $ 3.0     $ (10.9 )   $ 72.7  
                         
Net investment income (1)
                            33.0                               66.3  
Net realized capital gains (1)
                            32.7                               55.5  
Other than temporary impairment losses (1)
                            (5.7 )                             (6.8 )
Other income (1)
                            0.2                               0.3  
Other expenses (2)
                            7.7                               16.2  
                                   
Earnings before income taxes
                          $ 93.5                             $ 171.8  
                                   
 
Loss ratio (4)
    42.6 %     47.2 %     110.8 %     44.0 %     45.6 %     49.4 %     82.1 %     46.8 %
Expense ratio (5)
    27.4 %     46.3 %     518.7 %     34.3 %     27.3 %     47.0 %     241.7 %     34.2 %
         
Combined ratio (6)
    70.0 %     93.5 %     629.5 %     78.3 %     72.9 %     96.4 %     323.8 %     81.0 %
 
(1)   Represent components of total revenues.
 
(2)   Commissions, brokerage and other underwriting expenses represent commission and brokerage expenses and that portion of salaries, administration and other operating expenses attributable to underwriting activities, whereas the remainder constitutes other expenses.
 
(3)   Represents net premiums earned less loss and loss adjustment expenses and commissions, brokerage and other underwriting expenses, all as determined in accordance with GAAP, and does not include net investment income, net realized capital gains, other-than-temporary impairment losses, other income and other expenses. Underwriting profit does not replace net earnings determined in accordance with GAAP as a measure of profitability; rather, we believe that underwriting profit, which does not include net investment income, net realized capital gains, other-than-temporary impairment losses, other income and other expenses, enhances the understanding of AIHL’s insurance operating units’ operating results by highlighting net earnings attributable to their underwriting performance. With the addition of net investment income, net realized capital gains, other-than-temporary impairment losses, other income and other expenses, reported pre-tax net earnings (a GAAP measure) may show a profit despite an underlying underwriting loss. Where underwriting losses persist over extended periods, an insurance company’s ability to continue as an ongoing concern may be at risk. Therefore, we view underwriting profit as an important measure in the overall evaluation of performance.
 
(4)   Loss and loss adjustment expenses divided by net premiums earned, all as determined in accordance with GAAP.
 
(5)   Commissions, brokerage and other underwriting expenses divided by net premiums earned, all as determined in accordance with GAAP.
 
(6)   The sum of the loss ratio and expense ratio, all as determined in accordance with GAAP, representing the percentage of each premium dollar an insurance company has to spend on losses (including loss adjustment expenses) and commissions, brokerage and other underwriting expenses.

A-1