Exhibit 99.1

Global Houghton Ltd. and Subsidiaries

Consolidated Financial Statements

as of December 31, 2018 and December 31, 2017 and

for the years ended December 31, 2018 and 2017 and 2016.

Table of Contents

Report of Independent Auditors

To the Management of Global Houghton Ltd.

We have audited the accompanying consolidated financial statements of Global Houghton Ltd. and its subsidiaries, which comprise the consolidated statements of financial position as of December 31, 2018 and 2017, and the related consolidated statements of operations, comprehensive loss, changes in equity and cash flows for each of the three years in the period ended December 31, 2018.

Management's Responsibility for the Consolidated Financial Statements

Management is responsible for the preparation and fair presentation of the consolidated financial statements in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America; this includes the design, implementation, and maintenance of internal control relevant to the preparation and fair presentation of consolidated financial statements that are free from material misstatement, whether due to fraud or error.

Auditors’ Responsibility

Our responsibility is to express an opinion on the consolidated financial statements based on our audits. We conducted our audits in accordance with auditing standards generally accepted in the United States of America. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the consolidated financial statements are free from material misstatement.

An audit involves performing procedures to obtain audit evidence about the amounts and disclosures in the consolidated financial statements. The procedures selected depend on our judgment, including the assessment of the risks of material misstatement of the consolidated financial statements, whether due to fraud or error. In making those risk assessments, we consider internal control relevant to the Company's preparation and fair presentation of the consolidated financial statements in order to design audit procedures that are appropriate in the circumstances, but not for the purpose of expressing an opinion on the effectiveness of the Company's internal control. Accordingly, we express no such opinion. An audit also includes evaluating the appropriateness of accounting policies used and the reasonableness of significant accounting estimates made by management, as well as evaluating the overall presentation of the consolidated financial statements. We believe that the audit evidence we have obtained is sufficient and appropriate to provide a basis for our audit opinion.

Opinion

In our opinion, the consolidated financial statements referred to above present fairly, in all material respects, the financial position of Global Houghton Ltd. and its subsidiaries as of December 31, 2018 and 2017, and the results of their operations and their cash flows for each of the three years in the period ended December 31, 2018 in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America.

Emphasis of Matter

Management and we previously concluded there was substantial doubt about the Company’s ability to continue as a going concern. As discussed in Note 1, management has subsequently taken certain actions which management and we have concluded remove that substantial doubt. Our opinion is not modified with respect to this matter.

/s/PricewaterhouseCoopers LLP

Philadelphia, Pennsylvania

March 29, 2019, except for the paragraph under the subheading “Subsequent Event Alleviating Substantial Doubt” and the change in the manner in which the Company accounts for net periodic pension cost discussed in Note 1 to the consolidated financial statements, as to which the date is August 29, 2019.

CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF OPERATIONS

(Thousands of U.S. Dollars)

The accompanying Notes are an integral part of these Financial Statements.

CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF COMPREHENSIVE LOSS

(Thousands of U.S. Dollars)

The accompanying Notes are an integral part of these Financial Statements.

CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF FINANCIAL POSITION

(Thousands of U.S. Dollars except share and per share amounts)

The accompanying Notes are an integral part of these Financial Statements.

CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF FINANCIAL POSITION

(Thousands of U.S. Dollars except share and per share amounts)

The accompanying Notes are an integral part of these Financial Statements.

CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS

(Thousands of U.S. Dollars)

The accompanying Notes are an integral part of these Financial Statements.

CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CHANGES IN EQUITY

(Thousands of U.S. Dollars except share and per share amounts)

The accompanying Notes are an integral part of these Financial Statements.

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

(Thousands of U.S Dollars, except share and per share amounts)

Background and Basis of Presentation

Global Houghton Ltd (the “Company,” “Houghton,” “we,” “us’” or “our”) is a global supplier of industrial fluids and chemical management services, primarily for the metalworking industry through its wholly-owned subsidiaries. The principal markets for the Company’s products and services are the Americas, Europe, the Middle East and Africa (together, “EMEA”), North Asia and South Asia.

The Company is a Cayman Island corporation that was formed in February 2014 and is a member of the Hinduja group of companies. In August 2014, GHG London Limited (“GHG”), a private limited company organized under the laws of England and Wales and parent company to GHG Lubricants Ltd Holdings (“GHG Lubricants”), GH Holdings Inc. (“GH”) and Houghton International, Inc. and subsidiaries (“HII”), was contributed to the Company through a series of transactions.

On December 20, 2012, GHG, the wholly-owned subsidiary of the Company, acquired the outstanding equity interests of HII (“Gulf Transaction”). As a result of the Gulf Transaction, the assets and liabilities were adjusted to their estimated fair values as of December 20, 2012. This resulted in a significant increase in the carrying value of our identifiable intangible assets and goodwill. In addition, we revalued our pension obligations, recorded significant deferred tax liabilities and certain deferred tax assets and we incurred substantial additional indebtedness.

During the fourth quarter of 2013, certain members of Management purchased from GHG Lubricants outstanding shares of GH. These shares contain certain call and put option terms (see Note 1, Redeemable Stock).

Effective June 15, 2015, the Board of Directors and stockholders of the Company approved an amendment to the Company’s certificate of incorporation to effectuate a stock split of the Company’s common stock. As a result of the stock split, common shares issued and outstanding was reduced from 308,839,803 at December 31, 2014 to 3,074,270 at June 30, 2015 and par value was reduced from $1.00 to $0.01 per share.

In July 2015, the Company conducted an exchange offer which allowed certain management holders of GH common stock, stock options and stock appreciation rights to exchange their shares and options for a like number of common stock, stock options and stock appreciation rights in Houghton. As of December 31, 2018 and December 31, 2017, these shares represented 1.28% of the total outstanding shares of Houghton, respectively.

During July 2015, the Company amended its 2012 Senior Credit Facilities primarily to make guarantor, covenant and other verbiage changes as disclosed in Note 14. In connection with the amendment, GHG acquired the remaining 0.1% of outstanding equity interests of GHG Lubricants not already owned by GHG for $403.

Investments in entities over which the Company has the ability to exercise significant influence, but not control, are accounted for using the equity method of accounting. All significant intercompany transactions and balances have been eliminated. Prior to acquiring the remaining 40% of its Japan joint venture in March 2016, the Company had non-controlling interests which were included in the financial statements.

The Financial Accounting Standards Board’s (“FASB’s”) guidance regarding the consolidation of certain Variable Interest Entities (“VIEs”) generally requires that assets, liabilities and results of the activities of a VIE be included in the financial statements of the enterprise that is considered the primary beneficiary. The financial statements include the accounts of the Company and all of its subsidiaries in which a controlling interest is maintained and would include any VIEs if the Company was the primary beneficiary pursuant to the provisions of the applicable guidance. The Company is not the primary beneficiary of any VIEs.

The accompanying financial statements were prepared in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America (“GAAP”). In the opinion of management, all adjustments necessary, which are of a normal recurring nature, have been made to present fairly the financial position, the results of operations and cash flows.

Investments in Unconsolidated Joint Ventures

Investments in unconsolidated joint ventures are included at cost plus its equity in undistributed earnings in accordance with the equity method of accounting and reflected as investment in equity investee in the balance sheets. The Company received $5,547, $9,072, and $4,043 in 2018, 2017, and 2016, respectively from the unconsolidated joint venture.

Non-controlling Interest

In March 2016, the Company acquired the remaining 40% of its Japan joint venture for a de minimis amount. This resulted in a reduction of Non-controlling interest and an increase in Additional paid-in capital and Accumulated other comprehensive loss.

Use of Estimates

The preparation of financial statements in conformity with GAAP requires management to make extensive estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the financial statements and the reported amounts of revenues and expenses during the reporting period. Actual results may differ from those estimates and assumptions.

Changes in Classifications

Certain reclassifications of prior period amounts have been made to conform to current period presentation.

Revenue Recognition

Sales of products and services are recorded (i) upon shipment if title passes to the customer upon shipment, or upon delivery if title passes to the customer upon delivery or when services are rendered, (ii) when persuasive evidence of an arrangement exists with the customer, (iii) when the sales price is fixed and determinable, and (iv) when the collectability of the sales price is reasonably assured. Revenue is recognized net of discounts and allowances, which are comprised of trade allowances, cash discounts and sales returns and value added tax. Freight costs and any directly related costs of shipping finished product to customers are recorded in Cost of goods sold. Billings to customers for shipping fees are included in net sales in accordance with ASC 605-45. Handling costs are incurred from the point the product is removed from inventory until it is provided to the shipper. Handling costs are recorded in Cost of goods sold. For consigned inventory, revenue is recognized after the customer has consumed consignment inventory in their manufacturing process. Consigned inventory mainly relates to our Fluidcare and Metal Finishing businesses, in which our inventory is maintained at customer locations for use as needed in their manufacturing processes.

Cash, Cash Equivalents and Restricted Cash

Cash and cash equivalents represent cash in banks and cash equivalents, which includes highly liquid short-term investments and bank drafts with original maturities of three months or less. Bank deposits and other cash equivalents that are restricted by agreement or that have been clearly designated for a specific purpose are recorded as restricted cash. Such restriction on cash is primarily a result of certain foreign retirement benefits and social plans, taxes, security deposits, and bank drafts.

Accounts Receivable and Allowance for Doubtful Accounts

Accounts receivables are reported at the gross outstanding amount adjusted for an allowance for doubtful accounts. Accounts receivable collectability is evaluated using a combination of factors, including past due status based on contractual terms, trends in write-offs, the age of the receivable, industry, country specific economics and political conditions and counterparty creditworthiness. Significant events, such as bankruptcies, are also considered. Accounts receivables are written off in the period in which the receivable is deemed uncollectible. Recoveries of accounts receivables previously written off are recorded when amounts are collected.

Inventories

The Company accounts for inventories under the first-in, first-out (“FIFO”) method, stated at the lower of cost or net realizable value.

Property, Plant and Equipment

Property, plant and equipment are carried at cost, and presented net of accumulated depreciation. Significant expenditures which extend the useful lives of existing assets are capitalized. Maintenance and repair costs are charged to Cost of goods sold in the period incurred. Depreciation is computed using the straight-line method over the estimated useful lives of the assets as follows:

Property, plant and equipment is tested for recoverability whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that carrying values may not be recoverable. An impairment loss would be recognized if the carrying amount is not recoverable and exceeds the fair value of the asset. Fair value is based on estimated future discounted cash flows. During 2018, an impairment loss of $837 was recognized. $810 related to JDE system implementation project that was halted. $27 related to a decrease in value of the Company’s Rouen Site.

The cost of assets and related accumulated depreciation is removed from the accounts when such assets are disposed of, and any related gains or losses are reflected in Other expense, net in the period of sale.

Goodwill, Intangible Assets and Other Long-Lived Assets

Goodwill represents the excess of the purchase price paid over the fair value of the identifiable net assets acquired in a business combination. Goodwill and other indefinite-lived intangible assets that are not subject to amortization are reviewed for impairment annually as of October 1 or when events or circumstances indicate that the carrying amount exceeds the fair value, including potential triggering events such as decline in actual or projected operating profits. Each of our operating segments represents a reporting unit.

The Company assesses goodwill for impairment by first comparing the carrying value of each reporting unit to its fair value using a market approach. In determining the fair value of the Company's reporting units, the Company considered the terms of the pending Quaker transaction (Note 2, Business Acquisitions and Divestitures) and determined use of the market approach most appropriate for determination of fair value. The estimate of reporting unit fair values under the market approach is derived from estimates of fair value based on market multiples of revenue and earnings derived from comparable publicly traded companies with similar operating and investment characteristics as the reporting unit. The Company also considered the Quaker acquisition terms to corroborate the reporting units valuations, reconciling the aggregate estimated fair value of its reporting units to the implied Company enterprise value, including consideration of a control premium representing the estimated amount a market participant would pay to obtain a controlling interest. If the fair value is less than the carrying value, then the Company would perform a second test for that reporting unit to determine the amount of impairment loss, if any. The Company believes these assumptions are consistent with those a hypothetical market participant would utilize given the circumstances present at the time estimates were made.

As of October 1, 2018 and 2017, the Company performed a valuation of goodwill and indefinite-lived intangible assets to test for impairment. The carrying value of goodwill and indefinite-lived intangibles were not impaired through the date of the impairment test nor were there any events or circumstances that indicated the carrying amount exceeded the fair value.

As a result of the October 1, 2016 impairment test, the South Asia reporting unit recognized a goodwill impairment loss of $15,116 in December 2016. The decline in the fair value of the South Asia reporting unit and resulting impairment charge was due to a decline in earnings since the 2012 acquisition resulting from changes in economic outlook within the region.

We believe the estimates and assumptions used in the goodwill impairment assessment are reasonable and based on available market information, including assumptions regarding foreign currency movement, but variations in any of the assumptions could result in materially different calculations of fair value and determination of whether or not an impairment charge is indicated.

Other acquired intangible assets are initially measured based on their fair value.  The Houghton trade name has been assigned an indefinite life due to the over 150-year history of the Houghton brand. As of October 1, 2018 and 2017, the Company performed its annual impairment test, using the relief-from-royalty method. There were no events or circumstances that indicated that the carrying amount exceeded fair value. In 2016, in connection with the annual impairment test and the Step 2 analysis prepared to measure the fair value of the finite-lived intangible assets, the South Asia reporting unit recorded an impairment loss of $25,806 related to customer relationships. Finite-lived intangible assets are amortized over their economic lives based on terms of the economic benefit as follows:

Long-lived assets subject to amortization are reviewed for impairment using the relief-from-royalty method when events or circumstances indicate carrying amounts may not be recoverable.  If such analysis indicates that the carrying value of these assets is not recoverable, then the carrying value of such assets is reduced to fair value through a charge to the Company’s Consolidated Statements of Operations.

Leases

The Company has both capital and operating leases. A lease is capitalized as a capital lease if any of the following criteria are met: transfer of ownership to the lessee by the end of the lease term; the lease contains a bargain purchase option; the lease term is equal to 75% or greater of the asset’s useful economic life; or the present value of the future minimum lease payments is equal to or greater than 90% of the asset’s fair market value. Capital leases are capitalized at the lower of the net present value of the total amount of rent payable under the leasing agreement (excluding finance charges) or fair market value of the leased asset. Capital lease assets are depreciated on a straight-line basis, over a period consistent with our normal depreciation policy for tangible fixed assets, but not exceeding the lease term. Operating lease expense is recognized over the life of the lease on a straight line basis.

Income Taxes

The Company accounts for income taxes under the asset and liability method. Deferred tax assets and liabilities are recognized for the future tax consequences attributable to the differences between the financial statement carrying amounts of existing assets and liabilities and their respective tax bases and for operating loss and tax credit carryforwards. Deferred tax assets and liabilities are measured using enacted tax rates expected to apply to taxable income in the years in which temporary differences are expected to be recovered or settled. The deferred tax assets and liabilities are recorded as either a non-current asset or non-current liability on a net basis for each tax jurisdiction. The effect upon deferred tax assets and liabilities of a change in tax rate is recognized in the period that includes the enactment date.

Significant judgment is required in determining income tax provisions and evaluating tax provisions under the accounting guidance for income taxes. The Company establishes additional provisions for income taxes based upon the technical merits of the tax positions using applicable accounting guidance. Unrecognized tax benefits are generated when there are differences between tax positions taken in a tax return and amounts recognized in the consolidated financial statements. Tax benefits are recognized in the consolidated financial statements when it is more-likely-than-not that a tax position will be sustained upon examination. Tax benefits are measured as the largest amount of tax benefit that is greater than 50% likely of being realized upon settlement. The Company regularly assesses the potential outcomes of these examinations and any future examinations for the current or prior years in determining the adequacy of the provision for income taxes. Interest accrued related to unrecognized tax benefits and income tax related penalties are both included as a component of the provision for taxes and adjust the income tax provision, the current tax liability and deferred taxes in the period of which the facts that give rise to a revision become known.

The Company follows the accounting guidance for income taxes that prescribes a recognition threshold and measurement attribute for the financial statement recognition and measurement of a tax position taken or expected to be taken in a tax return. In addition, the guidance provides rules on de-recognition, classification, interest and penalties, accounting in interim periods, disclosure, and transition.

Environmental and Legal Liabilities and Expenditures

Liabilities are recorded when the Company determines that it is probable that a liability has been incurred and the amount of the loss can be reasonably estimated. If no amount in the possible range of liability is considered a better estimate than any other amount, the Company records the lowest amount in the range. Due to the nature of the monitoring requirements and the impact of remediation efforts, the Company has a policy of reserving monitoring costs for a period of three to five years. Any activity beyond that period cannot be reasonably estimated. Considering the magnitude of the reserves and duration of the accrual policy, liabilities are not recorded at a discount. Environmental expenditures are included in Selling, general and administrative expenses.

Asset Retirement Obligation

The Company follows the FASB’s guidance regarding asset retirement obligations, which addresses the accounting and reporting for obligations associated with the retirement of tangible long-lived assets and the associated retirement costs. Also, the Company follows the FASB’s guidance for conditional asset retirement obligations (“CARO”), which relates to legal obligations to perform an asset retirement activity in which the timing and (or) method of settlement are conditional on a future event that may or may not be within the control of the entity. At December 31, 2018 and December 31, 2017, the exposure to such obligations is immaterial to the Company.

Foreign Currency Translation

Substantially all non-U.S. subsidiaries and affiliates use the local currency as the functional currency. For those operations, assets and liabilities are translated into U.S. dollars at the exchange rate at the end of the period and revenues and expenses are translated into U.S. dollars at the average exchange rates during the period. Such adjustments are reported, net of their related tax effects, as a component of Accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) (“AOCI”).

Assets and liabilities denominated in currencies other than the local currency are remeasured into the local currency prior to translation into U.S. dollars and the resultant exchange gains or losses are recorded in the period in which they occur. Gains and losses from remeasurement and foreign currency transactions are included in Other expense, net, except for those covered by net investment hedges or resulting from the dissolution of holding companies, which are recorded to AOCI.

Fair Value Measurements

The Company values certain financial and nonfinancial assets and liabilities at fair value. Fair value is defined as the price that would be received to sell an asset or paid to transfer a liability in an orderly transaction between market participants at the measurement dates (exit price). The Company uses various valuation techniques to measure the fair value of an asset or liability incorporating inputs that are observable, independent market data and unobservable data that management believes are predicated on the assumptions market participants would use to price an asset or liability.

The Company classifies fair value measurements within one of three levels on the fair value hierarchy. The level assigned to a fair value measurement is based on the lowest level input that is significant to the fair value measurement in its entirety. The three levels of the fair value hierarchy are as follows:

Level 1 – quoted prices (unadjusted) in active markets for identical assets or liabilities for which quoted prices are accessible at the measurement date.

Level 2 – inputs other than quoted prices included within Level 1 that are either directly or indirectly observable. These include quoted prices in active markets for similar assets or liabilities or quoted prices in inactive markets for identical assets or liabilities accessible at the measurement date.

Level 3 – unobservable inputs that management believes are predicated on the assumptions market participants would use to measure the asset or liability at fair value.

The Company values pension assets, stock-based compensation liability and management shares under the fair value guidelines. The details of the fair value measurements and required disclosures are included within Note 3 – Stock-based Compensation and Other Compensation Arrangements and Note 15 – Employee Benefit Plans.

Credit Concentrations

Credit risk represents the accounting loss that would be recognized at the reporting date if counter-parties failed to perform as contracted. Concentrations of credit risk (whether on or off balance sheet) that arise from financial instruments exist for groups of customers or counterparties when they have similar economic characteristics that would cause their ability to meet contractual obligations to be similarly affected by changes in economic or other conditions. Financial instruments with potential credit risk include cash and cash equivalents, accounts receivable and bank drafts.

The Company maintains cash and cash equivalents and bank drafts with various major financial institutions which provides potential credit risk exposure. The Company has not experienced losses from this activity. Concentrations of credit risk with respect to receivables are generally limited with no individual customers in excess of 5% of total revenue.

Restructuring

Actions associated with restructuring plans include, but are not limited to, workforce reduction, plant or facility closures and sales. Costs associated with these actions may include, but are not limited to, employee severance, accelerated post-employment benefits, plant deactivations and asset impairments.

Post-employment benefits accrued for workforce reduction related to restructuring activities are recorded in the period which a liability is incurred, except for one-time employee termination benefits that are incurred over time. Other restructuring costs are recorded when the costs are incurred. Restructuring reserves are included in Other current liabilities. Reserves are reviewed at least quarterly for adequacy and any necessary adjustments are recorded in the period the adjustment is determinable. Should the actual amounts differ from estimates, the amount of the restructuring costs could be materially impacted.

Debt Issuance Costs

The Company presents debt issuance costs in the balance sheet as a direct deduction from the carrying amount of the corresponding debt liability, consistent with the presentation of debt discounts.

Derivatives

The Company is exposed to the impact of changes in interest rates, foreign currency, changes in commodity prices and credit risk. The Company does not currently use derivative instruments to mitigate these risks. The Company does not enter into speculative derivative contracts for trading purposes.

During 2015, the Company entered into a £1.95 million intercompany loan and designated the loan as a hedge against the net investment as the loan will offset the change in economic value of the investment attributable to changes in the exchange rates between the euro and Great Britain pound. The Company recognizes foreign currency fluctuations on the loan in AOCI. In December 2016, the subsidiary was dissolved, the intercompany loan was forgiven and the $470 of related cumulative foreign currency fluctuations remains in AOCI.

The Company recognizes all derivatives on the balance sheet.

Employee Benefit Plans

The Company applies the recognition and disclosure provisions of the accounting rules on pensions. This standard requires employers to recognize the funded status (i.e., the difference between the fair value of the plan assets and projected benefit obligation) of all Pension Plans in the Statements of Financial Position, with corresponding adjustments to AOCI. The adjustments of AOCI at adoption represents the net unrecognized actuarial gains and losses, prior service costs and unrecognized transition amounts which were previously netted against the plan's funded status pursuant to prior accounting provisions. This amount will be subsequently recognized as the net pension (income) expense in accordance with the Company's accounting policy for amortizing such amounts. Further, unrecognized actuarial gains and losses, prior service costs and unrecognized transaction amounts that arise in subsequent periods and are not recognized as net pension (income) expense in the same periods will be recognized as a component of AOCI.

As of December 31, 2018, the Company contributes to one multi-employer defined benefit pension plan under the terms of the collective bargaining union contracts. The Company’s contribution rate to the multi-employer pension plan is specified in the collective bargaining union contracts and contributions are made monthly. The Company has withdrawn from the Central States, Southeast and Southwest Areas Pensions Funds. The Company will remain in the Cleveland Bakers and Teamsters Pension Fund.

Stock-based Compensation

On October 16, 2013, the Board of Directors of GH approved the Stock Option Plan (“the GH Plan”) that provided for GH to grant stock-based compensation to their employees in the form of stock options based on service and performance vesting over a five year term. On July 16, 2014, GH amended and restated the Plan to authorize the Company to grant stock appreciation rights (“SARs”) to employees. A SAR is the right to receive upon exercise, shares of Houghton common stock equal in value to the excess of: (i) the Fair Market Value (as of the time of exercise) of a share of Houghton common stock, over (ii) the SAR Base Value (defined as grant date fair value of a share of Houghton common stock) per share of common stock. This difference is often referred to as the “spread amount” or the amount by which the SAR is “in the money.” A SAR confers the same economic benefit and provides the same number of shares to a holder of a SAR as the net exercise of a stock option by an optionee. The service based SARs vest at a rate of 20% per year while performance based SARs vest based on annual and cumulative targets, both awards having a contractual term of ten years.

In July 2015, the Company conducted an exchange offer which allowed holders of GH stock options and SARS to exchange their options for a like number of share options in Houghton (“Exchange Offer”). In conjunction with the exchange, the Board of Directors approved the Global Houghton Ltd. Share Option and Share Appreciation Rights Plan (“the Houghton Plan”). The awards granted with performance vesting are deemed granted upon approval of the targets, which occurs annually, generally in the first quarter of each plan year. The number of shares of Houghton common stock that were reserved for issuance under the Houghton plan at December 31, 2018 was 96,209.

Prior to the exchange offer, the Company applied the accounting guidance for stock-based compensation, which required the Company to expense the fair value of employee stock options granted. Compensation expense was measured at the grant date based on the fair value of the award on an accelerated basis. If awards contain certain performance conditions in order to vest, the Company recognized the cost of the award when achievement of the performance condition was probable. The Company recorded stock-based compensation expense in Selling, general and administrative expense. Stock compensation expense incurred under the GH Plan was reflected as an increase in Non-controlling interest through the date of the Exchange Offer. Upon the effective date of the Exchange Offer, the stock compensation expense accumulated in non-controlling interest was reclassified into Additional paid-in capital.

Subsequent to the Exchange Offer, the Company demonstrated the intent for allowing net cash settlements of stock-based awards as well as the removal of the six month holding period for recipients of stock-based awards. This intent triggered liability accounting for stock-based compensation, which requires outstanding options and SARS to be classified as liability-based awards and valued at fair value. The liability is remeasured and adjusted until the options are exercised, expire, or payment is made to the employees. The stock-based compensation liability is included in Other non-current liabilities and was $29,874 and $27,475 at December 31, 2018 and December 31, 2017, respectively. Compensation expense of stock-based awards granted prior to the liability accounting modification (July 2015) is recognized over the applicable vesting period based upon the greater of the awards’ grant date fair value (the “Floor”) or fair value at the reporting period. Corresponding fair value adjustments to the liability balance of awards subject to the Floor are recorded through Additional paid-in capital. Compensation expense of stock-based awards granted subsequent to the liability accounting modification is recognized over the applicable vesting period based upon fair value at the reporting period, and subsequent fair value adjustments to the corresponding liability recorded through compensation expense. The Company records stock-based compensation expense in Selling, general and administrative expense. Upon exercise, the Company will record an income tax windfall or shortfall by comparing the tax deduction realized with the expected benefit recorded as a deferred tax asset. These income tax windfalls and shortfalls are recorded as a component of income tax expense.

The service based options vest at a rate of 20% per year while performance based options vest based on annual and cumulative targets, both awards having a contractual term of ten years. As of December 31, 2018, all performance based options and SARS are fully vested. The awards granted contain a put option, which gives the recipient the ability to sell vested shares back to the Company upon certain events. The put option expires at the earliest of nine months from employee termination (15 months from employee termination for death, disability, or retirement); initial public offering; change in control; or 10 years and 9 months from the associated option or SAR grant date. There are instances where the Company will extend the put option terms to maintain compliance with debt covenants, which place an annual limit on the amount of such payouts that can be made. The shares put to the Company will be valued at fair market value as of the date of the contingent event, except for the trigger related to potential termination. Contingent events triggering the ability to put the shares include the passage of time.

The awards granted also contain a call option, which gives the Company the right to call shares upon employee termination. The call expires at the earliest of nine months from the employment termination date, an initial public offering, or a change in control. The shares called by the Company will be valued at fair value as of the date of the call for any holder voluntarily terminated other than on account of good reason or retirement, or the lesser of cost or fair value as of the date of the call for any holder terminated for cause.

Redeemable Stock

During the fourth quarter of 2013, 1.86% of the outstanding shares of GH were purchased from GHG Lubricants by certain members of management. In July 2015, the Company conducted an exchange offer which allowed shareholders of GH to exchange their shares for a like number of shares in Houghton, with the same terms and conditions as the GH share agreement. As of December 31, 2018 and December 31, 2017, these shares represented 1.28% of the total outstanding shares of Houghton, respectively. These shares contain certain call and put option terms which provide the Company with the right, but not the obligation, to call the shares upon certain events and provides the management shareholder the ability to sell shares back to the Company upon certain events.

The put option provides each management shareholder the ability to sell shares back to the Company upon certain events. The put option expires at the earliest of 10 years, plus nine months, from the initial issuance of the shares; or nine months from employee termination (15 months from employee termination for death, disability or retirement), initial public offering, or change in control. The shares put to the Company will be valued at fair value as of the put date.

The call option provides the Company the right to call shares upon employee termination. The call expires at the earliest of six months from the employment termination date, an initial public offering or a change in control. Shares that become callable by the Company will be valued at fair value as of the date of the call for any holder terminated other than on account of good reason of retirement or the lesser of cost or fair value as of the date of the call for any holder terminated for cause.

The shares put to or called by the Company will be valued at fair value. Prior to December 20, 2015, the call provision allowed the Company to repurchase the management shares at the lessor of cost plus deemed interest or fair value. Such provision limited the management shareholder’s ability to share in the risk and rewards of equity ownership, creating a vesting or service period for the management shareholder and resulting in liability classification of such shares in accordance with accounting guidance for stock-based compensation. After June 20, 2016, upon maturity of the management shares (6 months from expiration of the Company call provision for an amount other than fair value), the management shares are classified as Redeemable stock in Mezzanine equity and recorded at fair value (redemption value). As the Company is in an accumulated deficit position, changes in fair value (redemption value) of the management shares are recognized in Additional paid-in capital at each period end.

At December 31, 2018, the fair market value of the management shares was $233.28, resulting in an equity adjustment of $720. As of December 31, 2018 and 2017, the value of the management shares recorded in Redeemable stock was $9,267 and $8,547, respectively. Through June 30, 2015, GH repurchased 13,000 shares from former members of management. Subsequent to the exchange of shares, through December 31, 2018, Houghton repurchased 6,580 shares from former members of management in accordance with shareholder agreements and accounted for these shares as treasury stock.

Advertising Expense

Advertising costs are expensed in the period incurred. Advertising expense is recorded within Selling, general and administrative expense. Advertising costs for the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016 were $2,163, $2,128 and $2,014, respectively.

Research, Development and Engineering Expense

Research, development and engineering costs are expensed as incurred. Research and development costs for the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016 were $22,294, $21,561 and $20,843, respectively. These costs are included in Selling general and administrative expense.

Long-Term Incentive Plan

Under the Global Houghton Ltd Long-Term Incentive Plan (“LTIP”) certain members of executive management are eligible to receive a cash-based award based on achievement of certain performance targets. The performance period is from January 1, 2015 through December 31, 2017. Under the terms of the plan, the participant’s award shall be forfeited in the event of participant’s termination for cause as defined in the agreement or upon voluntary resignation. As the participants provide service, the Company ratably recognizes expense within Selling, general and administrative expense, based upon the Company’s estimated level of achievement. There was not a similar plan in 2018.

Going Concern

As of December 31, 2018, the Company's third-party debt, net of deferred discount and issuance costs of $5,908, totaled $709,063, of which $510,540 is classified as current with a maturity date of December 2019, at which time the current portion is due. Cash and cash equivalents of $49,364, as of December 31, 2018, and expected 2019 cash flows, are not sufficient to fund the repayment of the current portion of the debt. The Company's debt agreements contain various covenants, which a failure to comply with, including not making a payment when required, could cause the Company to be at risk of default which would have a material impact on the Company’s operations. Under the terms of its purchase agreement with Quaker Chemical Corporation (“Quaker”), see Note 2, the Company is not permitted to change the current debt structure without the agreement of Quaker. 

Subsequent Event Alleviating Substantial Doubt

On August 1, 2019, the Company completed its combination with Quaker Chemical Corporation (“Quaker”), whereby Quaker acquired all of the issued and outstanding shares of Houghton from Gulf Houghton Lubricants, Ltd. in accordance with the share purchase agreement dated April 4, 2017. In conjunction with the acquisition, and pursuant to the terms of the Company’s debt agreements, funds from the transaction were used to repay all amounts outstanding under the Company’s third-party debt agreements, alleviating substantial doubt about the Company’s ability to continue as a going concern.

Adopted Guidance

In January 2018, the Company adopted ASU 2016-15, Statement of Cash Flows, Classification of Certain Cash Receipts and Cash Payments, which clarifies how entities should classify certain cash receipts and cash payments on the statement of cash flows. The adoption did not have an impact on the Company’s consolidated financial statements as there were no reclassification needed.

In January 2018, the Company adopted ASU 2016-16, Income Taxes, Intra-Entity Transfers of Assets Other than Inventory, which requires companies to account for the income tax effects of intercompany sales and transfers of assets other than inventory (e.g., intangible assets) when the transfer occurs. The adoption did not have an impact on the Company’s consolidated financial statements as there were no intercompany sales or transfer during the period.

In January 2018, the Company adopted ASU 2016-18, Statement of Cash Flows, Restricted Cash, which requires entities to show the changes in the total of cash, cash equivalents, restricted cash and restricted cash equivalents in the statement of cash flows. The adoption did not have a material impact on the Company’s consolidated financial statements.

In January 2018, the Company adopted ASU 2016-19, Technical Corrections and Improvements, which corrects errors and makes minor improvements affecting a variety of topics in the ASC. The adoption did not have a material impact on the Company’s consolidated financial statements.

In January 2018, the Company adopted ASU 2017-01, Clarifying the Definition of a Business, to clarify the definition of a business with the objective of adding guidance to assist entities with evaluating whether transactions should be accounted for as acquisitions (or disposals) of assets or businesses. The adoption did not have an impact as there are no planned acquisitions.

In July 2019, the Company adopted ASU 2017-07, Compensation – Retirement Benefits, Improving the Presentation of Net Periodic Pension Cost and Net Periodic Postretirement Benefit Cost. This guidance, which was applied retrospectively for all periods presented in these financial statements, requires that employers that sponsor defined benefit pension and/or other postretirement benefit plans to present the service cost component of net periodic benefit cost in the same income statement line item(s) as other employee compensation costs arising for services rendered during the period. Only the service cost component will be eligible for capitalization in assets. Other components of net periodic benefit cost will be presented separately from the line item(s) that include service cost and outside of any subtotal of operating income, if one is presented. The Company adopted the guidance within this accounting standard update, including the use of a practical expedient which allows the Company to use amounts previously disclosed in its pension and other postretirement benefits note for the prior period as the estimation basis for applying the required retrospective presentation. The Company has retrospectively revised the presentation of the non-service components of periodic pension benefit from Selling, general and administrative expense and Cost of goods sold to Other expense, net in the Consolidated Statements of Operations. The following table presents a summary of the effects for the period ended December 31, 2018, December 31, 2017 and December 31, 2016, respectively. The adoption did not have a material impact on the Company’s consolidated financial statements.

In January 2018, the Company adopted ASU 2017-09—Compensation—Stock Compensation (Topic 718): Scope of Modification Accounting. The guidance clarifies when changes to the terms or conditions of a share-based payment award must be accounted for as modifications. Entities will apply the modification accounting guidance if the value, vesting conditions or classification of the award changes. The adoption did not have a material impact on the Company’s consolidated financial statements.

Recent Accounting Standards

The leasing guidance, Leases, (ASU 2016-02, ASU 2018-01, ASU 2018-10, ASU 2018-11, ASU 2018-20) will increase transparency and comparability among organizations by recognizing lease assets and lease liabilities on the balance sheet and disclosing key information about leasing arrangements. The guidance is effective for the Company for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2019, including interim periods within those fiscal years. The Company is currently evaluating this guidance and has not determined the impact it may have on the Company’s consolidated financial statements nor decided upon the method of adoption.

The revenue guidance, Revenue from Contracts with Customers, (ASU 2014-09, ASU 2015-14, ASU 2016-08, ASU 2016-10, ASU 2016-12, ASU 2016-20 and ASU 2017-10) is effective for the Company for annual periods beginning after December 15, 2018 and interim periods within annual periods beginning after December 15, 2019. The guidance can be adopted by the Company using either a full retrospective or modified retrospective approach, with early adoption prohibited. The Company will adopt the modified retrospective approach and does not expect a material impact to the Company’s consolidated financial statements.

In January 2017, the FASB issued ASU 2017-04, Simplifying the Test for Goodwill Impairment, to simplify the subsequent measurement of goodwill and eliminate the Step 2 from the goodwill impairment test. Under the amendments in this Update, an entity should perform its annual, or interim, goodwill impairment test by comparing the fair value of a reporting unit with its carrying amount. An entity should recognize an impairment charge for the amount by which the carrying amount exceeds the reporting unit’s fair value; however, the loss recognized should not exceed the total amount of goodwill allocated to that reporting unit. A public business entity should adopt the amendments in this update for its annual or any interim goodwill impairment tests in fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2019. The Company is currently evaluating ASU 2017-04 and will assess the impact on future goodwill impairment tests.

In February 2017, the FASB issued ASU 2017-05, Gains and Losses from the Derecognition of Nonfinancial Assets (Subtopic 610-20). This guidance clarifies the scope an application of ASC 610-20, which was issued with the new revenue recognition standard, on the sale or transfer of nonfinancial assets to noncustomers. This guidance applies to nonfinancial assets, including real estate, ship and intellectual property. The new guidance is effective for the Company upon the adoption of the new revenue standard, which is for annual periods beginning after December 15, 2018.

In February 2018, the FASB issued ASU 2018-02, Reclassification of Certain Tax Effects from Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income, which permits entities to reclassify tax effects stranded in accumulated other comprehensive income (OCI) as a result of U.S. tax reform to retained earnings.  The guidance is effective for all companies for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2018, and interim periods therein. The Company is currently evaluating ASU 2018-02 and has not determined the impact it may have on its consolidated financial statements.

In August 2018, the FASB issued ASU 2018-13, Fair Value Measurement (Topic 820), Disclosure Framework – Changes to the Disclosure Requirements for Fair Value Measurement, which eliminates, adds and modifies certain disclosure requirements for fair value measurements. The guidance also modifies certain disclosure requirements for nonpublic entities to make them less burdensome. The guidance is effective for all entities for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2019, and interim periods within those years. Entities are permitted to early adopt the entire standard or only the provisions that eliminate or modify the requirements. The Company is currently evaluating ASU 2018-13 and has not determined the impact it may have on its consolidated financial statements.

In August 2018, the FASB issued ASU 2018-14, Compensation – Retirement Benefits – General (Subtopic 715-20, Disclosure Framework - Changes to the Disclosure Requirements for Defined Benefits Plans, which eliminates requirements for certain disclosure that are no longer considered cost beneficial and requires new ones that the FASB considers more pertinent for employers that sponsor defined benefit pension and/or other postretirement benefit plans. The guidance is effective for public companies for fiscal years ending after December 15, 2020. Early adoption is permitted. The Company is currently evaluating ASU 2018-14 and has not determined the impact it may have on its consolidated financial statements.

In October 2018, the FASB issued ASU 2018-17, Consolidation (Topic 810), Targeted Improvements to Related Party Guidance for Variable Interest Entities, which created a new private company accounting alternative that replaces the previous alternative. The new guidance requires an entity to consider indirect interests held through related parties under common control on a proportionate basis to evaluate decision-making fees. This guidance is effective for public companies for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2019, including interim periods within those years. Early adoption is permitted. All entities are required to apply the guidance retrospectively with a cumulative-effect adjustment to retained earnings at the beginning of the earliest period presented. The Company does not expect this guidance to have a material impact on its consolidated financial statements.

In November 2018, the FASB issued ASU 2018-18, Collaborative Arrangements (Topic 808), Clarifying the Interaction between Topic 808 and Topic 606, which amended ASC 808 and ASC 606 to clarify that transactions in a collaborative arrangements should be accounted for under ASC 606 when the counterparty is a customer for a distinct good or service. This guidance is effective for public companies for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2019, and interim periods in those years. Entities are required to apply the amendments retrospectively to the date they initially applied ASC 606, and they may elect to do so either for all contracts or only for contracts that are not at the date they initially applied ASC 606. The Company does not expect this guidance to have a material impact to its consolidated financial statements.

Quaker Chemical Corporation’s Proposed Acquisition of Houghton

On April 4, 2017, Quaker executed a definitive agreement for the purchase of Houghton.  Under the terms of the agreement, Houghton shareholders will receive $172,500 of cash and a 24.5% ownership in the combined company, representing approximately 4,300,000 of newly issued Quaker shares.  In addition, the Company’s debt will be repaid in conjunction with the transaction closing.

The purchase is subject to approval by Quaker’s shareholders under the rules of the New York Stock Exchange.  This approval was received at a meeting of the Company’s shareholders during the third quarter of 2017.  Also, the combination is subject to regulatory approval in the United States, Europe, China and Australia.  The Company received regulatory approval from China and Australia in 2017. The European Commission conditionally approved the combination on December 11, 2018, including the remedy proposed by Quaker and Houghton.  Quaker expects final approval from the European Commission within a few months after the final purchase agreement is in place between Quaker, Houghton, and the buyer of the divested product lines, which was signed on March 25, 2019. The Company has presented a remedy to the United States Federal Trade Commission and expects to receive approval and close the combination in the next few months. 

Acquisition of Wallover Enterprises, Inc.

On July 6, 2016, the Company completed the acquisition of Wallover Enterprises, Inc. (“Wallover”) and subsidiaries, in the United States and Canada (“Wallover Acquisition”). Wallover is based in Strongsville, Ohio. Wallover is a branded manufacturer of consumable, custom oil and water-based industrial lubricants and metalworking fluids which are used in a broad array of manufacturing applications. Products manufactured using Wallover’s industrial lubricants and metalworking fluids include: automotive components, products for the oil & gas industries, appliances, consumer and commercial electronics, aerospace components, medical devices, and various metals. Under the terms of the Wallover Acquisition, the Company acquired certain assets, including trade receivables, equipment and customer lists and also assumed certain liabilities for consideration of $39,363 net of cash received. Management believes that the acquisition will enable the Company to strengthen our market position in the consumable, custom oil and water-based industrial lubricants, as well as metalworking fluids and will complement our services in the United States and Canada.

The Company incurred and expensed transaction costs of $800 for the year ended December 31, 2016.

The final purchase price allocation is summarized as follows:

Of the $19,240 of acquired intangible assets, $15,000 was assigned to customer lists with an eleven year useful life, $3,600 was assigned to technology and intellectual property with a nine year useful life, $510 was assigned to non-compete agreements with a five year useful life, and $130 was assigned to trademarks with a two year useful life. The fair value of the identifiable intangible asset was determined based on an income approach. The excess of the purchase price over the fair value of the assets acquired was recorded as Goodwill, which is not deductible for income tax purposes.

Recognition of inventory fair value adjustments were $298 for the year ended December 31, 2016 and were included in Cost of goods sold. Realization of the inventory fair value adjustments related to the Wallover Acquisition were recognized ratably over the estimated inventory turnover period and were completed in September 2016.

Stock Option Plan

Stock options have been provided under two plans. The GH Plan was in effect from October 16, 2013 through June 26, 2015, when the Company conducted an exchange offer which allowed holders of GH stock options and SARS to exchange their options for a like number of share options in Houghton. In conjunction with the exchange, the Board of Directors approved the Houghton Plan.

In 2015, the Company demonstrated the intent for allowing net cash settlements of stock-based awards as well as the removal of the six month waiting period for recipients of stock-based awards. This intent triggered a modification to liability accounting for stock-based compensation, which requires the outstanding options and SARS to be measured at fair value as of the grant date and re-measured at fair value at the end of each reporting period. Compensation expense associated with service awards is recognized over the requisite service period, while performance based options are recognized over the performance period based upon achievement of targets.

The following weighted average assumptions were used in the pricing models to estimate the fair value of options granted:

The risk-free interest rate is based on the U.S Treasury yield curve. The Company considered the contractual term and the vesting schedule of the stock options to determine the expected term. Expected volatility is based on an analysis of stock price data for guideline companies. Compensation expense recognized is net of actual forfeitures.

The following table provides stock-based compensation expense for the years ended December 31,

The following table lists option grant activity:

The weighted-average grant-date fair value of service based options granted in 2016 was $36.56. There were no service based options granted in 2018 and 2017. The weighted-average grant-date fair value of performance based options granted during 2017 and 2016 was $36.43 and $36.56, respectively. There were no performance based options granted in 2018. The total fair value of stock options vested during 2018 was $356 for the service based stock options and $0 for the performance based stock options. The total fair value of stock options vested during 2017 was $1,413 for the service based stock options and $3,973 for the performance based stock options. The total fair value of stock options vested during 2016 was $1,189 for the service based stock options and $1,364 for the performance based stock options.

During 2018, 17,749 options were net cash settled at exercise prices ranging from $105.00 to $114.30 and a fair value of $218.29. As such, $1,970 was paid out of the Houghton Plan. There was no share issuance concurrent with the settlement of the liability. During 2017, 22,242 options were net cash settled at exercise prices ranging from $102.42 to $114.30 and fair values ranging from $105.66 to $189.70. As such, $1,455 was paid out of the Houghton Plan. There was no share issuance concurrent with the settlement of the liability. During 2016, 11,856 options were net cash settled at an exercise price of $105.00 and a fair value of $105.66, with $7 paid out of the Houghton Plan and 11,856 shares recorded as treasury stock.

As of December 31, 2018, there was approximately $242 of expected future pre-tax stock-based compensation expense related to non-vested service stock options outstanding, which is expected to be recognized over the remaining period of 1.36 years. These expected future expenses were calculated assuming no change in fair value. Given that the stock options are deemed a liability instrument, a change in fair value will result in a corresponding change to future pre-tax stock-based compensation expense.

The following table lists SARs activity:

The total fair value of SARS vested during 2018 was $6 for the service based SARS and $0 for the performance based SARS. The total fair value of SARS vested during 2017 was $56 for the service based SARS and $89 for the performance based SARS. The total fair value of SARS vested during 2016 was $38 for the service based SARS and $46 for the performance based SARS.

Service and performance SARS were fully vested as of December 31, 2018.

Long-Term Incentive Plan

The performance period under the Global Houghton Ltd LTIP is from January 1, 2015 through December 31, 2017. At December 31, 2017, the Company had a liability recorded of $7,500, which was paid in full in March 2018. For the year ended December 31, 2017, LTIP expense was $2,500. For the year ended December 31, 2016, LTIP expense was $2,562. LTIP expense was recognized as a component of Selling, general and administrative expenses.

Other Operating Expense

Other operating expenses were $418 for year ended December 31, 2018. This primarily consisted of $273 related to strategic headcount reductions and the remainder related to other corporate activities.

Other operating expenses were $1,943 for year ended December 31, 2017. This primarily consisted of a $551 Wallover multiemployer benefit plan withdrawal penalty, $321 related to Wallover escrow settlement, and $355 related to strategic headcount reduction. The remainder related to other corporate activities.

Other operating expenses were $1,780 for year ended December 31, 2016. This primarily consisted of $1,355 related to strategic headcount reductions and the remainder related to other corporate activities.

Other Expense, net

Other expense was $1,389 for the year ended December 31, 2018. This primarily related to $2,820 in foreign currency transaction losses and offset by $1,626 of pension income. The remainder related to other non-operating expenses.

Other expense was $1,992 for the year ended December 31, 2017.This primarily related to $1,505 in foreign currency transaction losses, $506 accrued for a VAT legal claim in Brazil, and offset by $694 of pension income. The remainder related to other non-operating expenses.

Other expense was $4,038 for the year ended December 31, 2016. This primarily related to a $2,096 claim pending with Brazilian tax authorities specific to VAT taxes, $1,537 in foreign currency transaction losses, $605 of royalties expense, $526 in other non-income related tax expense, $332 paid to a consultant to the Board of Directors, and offset by $831 of pension income. The remainder related to other non-operating expenses and income.

Restructuring expenses are related to corporate activities that are planned and controlled by management and materially change the scope of the applicable business or the manner in which the business is conducted.

During the acquisition of Wallover in July 2016, the Company made strategic decisions to close two plant facilities and reduce headcount in East Liverpool, Ohio and Hamilton, Ohio. The Company completed these activities in 2017. Also in 2016, an $815 environmental accrual related to the Genoa, Italy facility was recorded as income as a result of the reversal of the accrual, as this property was sold in January 2017 with no further obligations.

The following table summarizes restructuring charges:

The following table summarizes the movements in the accrued liabilities relating to the cost categories described above:

The Wuppertal, Germany manufacturing plant was sold during March 2016 with the gain of $56 included in restructuring expense.

As of December 31, 2018 and December 31, 2017, $0 and $205 was reserved for restructuring activities, included within Other current liabilities.

The provision for (benefit from) income taxes is summarized as follows:

Income (loss) before income taxes were as follows:

Differences between income tax expense (benefit) at the U.S. Federal statutory and the Company’s continuing operations effective tax rate for 2018, 2017 and 2016 were:

As of December 31, 2018, the Company had the following federal, state and foreign net operating loss carryforwards:

In addition to $281 of non-US foreign tax credits which are not subject to expiration, the Company had excess U.S. foreign tax credits of $48,686 as of December 31, 2018 subject to the following expirations:

Deferred income taxes arise due to certain items being includable in the determination of taxable income in periods different than for financial reporting purposes. The tax effect of significant types of temporary differences and carryforwards that gave rise to the Company’s deferred tax assets and liabilities as of December 31, 2018 and 2017 follow:

In assessing the realizability of deferred tax assets, management considers whether it is more-likely-than-not that some portion or all of the deferred tax assets will not be realized. The ultimate realization of deferred tax assets is dependent upon the generation of future taxable income during the periods in which those temporary differences become deductible. Management considers the scheduled reversal of deferred tax liabilities (including the impact of available carryback and carryforward periods), projected future taxable income, and tax-planning strategies and the Company’s ability to implement tax planning in a timely manner when making this assessment. Based upon the level of historical taxable income, projections for future taxable income and the reversal of deferred tax liabilities over the periods in which the deferred tax assets are deductible, management believes it is more-likely-than-not that the Company will realize the benefits of these deductible differences, net of the existing valuation allowances at December 31, 2017 and 2018. The amount of the deferred tax asset considered realizable, however, could be reduced in the near term if estimates of future taxable income during the carryforward period are reduced.

On December 22, 2017, the U.S. federal government enacted the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act (“2017 Tax Act”). The 2017 Tax Act significantly changed the existing U.S. corporate income tax laws by, among other things, lowering the corporate tax rate, implementing a territorial tax system, and imposing a one-time deemed repatriation toll tax on cumulative undistributed foreign earnings, for which we have not previously provided U.S. taxes. The 2017 Tax Act includes a number of changes in existing tax law impacting businesses, including a permanent reduction in the U.S. federal statutory rate from 35% to 21%, effective January 1, 2018, and a one-time deemed repatriation of cumulative undistributed foreign earnings. Under U.S. GAAP, changes in tax rates and tax law are accounted for in the period of enactment and deferred tax assets and liabilities are measured at the enacted tax rate expected to apply to taxable income in the years in which the temporary differences are expected to recover or be settled.

Consistent with guidance issued by the Securities Exchange Commission (“SEC”), which provides for a measurement period of one year from the enactment date to finalize the accounting for effects of the 2017 Tax Act, the Company provisionally recorded an income tax benefit of $11,394 related to the federal statutory rate change in the December 31, 2017 year end. There were no material adjustments to this provisional amount during the measurement period.

The one-time deemed repatriation toll charge was fully offset by foreign tax credits with no net tax cost. As a result of the 2017 Tax Act, expectations of future foreign source income generation have been reduced and certain tax planning strategies for utilization of certain foreign tax credit carryforwards are no longer considered probable. The Company has considered such impacts in assessing the realizability of deferred tax assets and related valuation allowances recorded.

U.S. foreign tax credit carryforwards of $48,686 and $54,466 in 2018 and 2017, respectively, can be carried forward up to 10 years and expire through 2028 whereas non-US foreign tax credit carryforwards of $281 and $320, respectively, are not subject to expiration. During 2018 and 2017, a valuation allowance of $32,919 and $46,290, respectively, were recorded against foreign tax credit related deferred tax assets due to the uncertainty regarding the utilization of these credits prior to expiration. The reduction in the valuation allowance is primarily due to tax reform guidance issued during 2018. The valuation allowances of $48,525 and $54,297 at December 31, 2018 and 2017, respectively, were primarily related to federal, state and foreign net operating loss U.S. and foreign tax credit carryforwards that, in the judgment of management, are not more-likely-than-not to be realized.

The Internal Revenue Code and some states impose limitations on a corporation’s ability to utilize tax attributes if it experiences an “ownership change.” Future ownership changes could have an impact on our ability to realize the deferred tax assets discussed above.

The Company recognizes the tax benefits of an uncertain tax position only if those benefits are more-likely-than-not to be sustained based on existing tax law. Additionally, the Company establishes a reserve for tax positions that are more-likely-than-not to be sustained based on existing tax law, but uncertain in the ultimate benefit to be sustained upon examination by the relevant taxing authorities. Unrecognized tax benefits are subsequently recognized at the time the more-likely-than-not recognition threshold is met, the tax matter is effectively settled or the statute of limitations for the relevant taxing authority to examine and challenge the tax position has expired, whichever is earlier.

The Company had approximately $5,818 and $5,908 of total gross unrecognized tax benefits as of December 31, 2018 and December 31, 2017, respectively. All of these unrecognized tax benefits, if recognized in future periods, would impact the effective tax rate. The Company expects $638 of the unrecognized tax benefits to be recognized next year due to statute of limitation expirations. The gross unrecognized tax benefits relate primarily to state income taxes and intercompany transactions. A reconciliation of the beginning and ending amount of gross unrecognized tax benefits is presented in the following table:

The Company accounts for interest and penalties related to income tax matters as income tax expense. The Company had accrued $2,386 and $2,406 for interest and penalties at December 31, 2018 and 2017, respectively.

The Company has operations in approximately 27 states and over 30 foreign taxing jurisdictions. The Company files income tax returns in the U.S. federal jurisdiction and various state and local jurisdictions. The Company's number of open tax years vary by jurisdiction. During the period ended December 31, 2018, the Company recorded $187 of tax expense for interest and penalties. The Company's returns are no longer subject to U.S. federal tax examinations for years prior to 2015 except to the extent of deductions of net operating losses originating prior to 2015.

The 2017 Tax Act allows the Company to repatriate foreign earnings back to the U.S. in future years with minimal U.S. income tax consequences. As a result, the Company has not accrued any U.S. tax related to foreign cumulative earnings as a result of the 2017 Tax Act. The Company has accrued foreign withholding taxes related to certain foreign cumulative earnings which are not considered permanently reinvested.

The Company has not provided foreign withholding taxes on cumulative earnings of non-U.S. affiliates and associated companies that have been reinvested indefinitely. These earnings relate to ongoing operations and, at December 31, 2018 and 2017, were $375,088 and $372,081, respectively. These earnings have been reinvested in active non-U.S. business operations.

Accounts receivables at December 31, 2018 and 2017 were $157,997 and $163,784, respectively, which were offset by an allowance for doubtful accounts of $4,284 and $6,282, respectively.

Total expense related to the reserve for doubtful accounts for the year ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016 were ($949), $129, and $1,547.

The Company’s total inventory consists of the following:

The Company’s prepaid expense and other current assets consisted of the following:

Property, plant and equipment are comprised of the following:

Depreciation expense, including depreciation on assets under capital leases, are as follows:

The loss (gain) on disposal of property, plant and equipment are as follows:

Goodwill

The changes in the carrying amount of Goodwill are as follows:

In 2016, the Company recognized an impairment of goodwill in the amount of $15,116 related to the annual impairment review of its South Asia operations. The goodwill impairment loss represented substantially all of the goodwill reported in South Asia’s operations. There were no indicators of impairment identified in 2017 and 2018.

Intangible Assets

Intangible assets are comprised of the following: