UNITED STATES

SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION

WASHINGTON, D.C. 20549

FORM 20-F

 

[_] REGISTRATION STATEMENT PURSUANT TO SECTION 12(b) OR (g) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

OR

[X] ANNUAL REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934. For the fiscal year ended November 30, 2019

OR

[_] TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

OR

[_] SHELL COMPANY REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

 

Date of event requiring this shell company report  

For the transition period from ________ to ________

Commission File No. 0-53805

INTELLIPHARMACEUTICS

INTERNATIONAL INC.

(Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)

Canada

(Jurisdiction of incorporation or organization)

30 Worcester Road

Toronto, Ontario M9W 5X2

(Address of principal executive offices)

Dr. Amina Odidi, President, Chief Operating Officer and Acting Chief Financial Officer, Intellipharmaceutics International Inc., 30 Worcester Road,

(Name, Telephone, E-mail and/or Facsimile number and Address of Company Contact Person)

 

 

Securities registered or to be registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:

Title of each class	Trading Symbol(s)	Name of each exchange on which registered
None

 

Securities registered or to be registered pursuant to Section 12(g) of the Act:

None

Securities for which there is a reporting obligation pursuant to Section 15(d) of the Act:

Common shares, no par value

As of November 30, 2019, the registrant had 22,085,856 common shares outstanding.

Indicate by check mark if the registrant is a well-known seasoned issuer, as defined in Rule 405 of the Securities Act.

Yes [_] No [X]

If this report is an annual report or transition report, indicate by check mark if the registrant is not required to file reports pursuant to Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934.

Yes [_] No [X]

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days.

Yes [X] No [_]

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files).

Yes [X] No [_]

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer or an emerging growth company. See definition of “large accelerated filer”, “accelerated filer” and “emerging growth company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act. (Check one):

Large accelerated filer [_] Accelerated filer [_] Non-accelerated filer [X] Emerging growth company [_]

If an emerging growth company that prepares its financial statements in accordance with U.S. GAAP, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards† provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. [_]

† The term “new or revised financial accounting standard” refers to any update issued by the Financial Accounting Standards Board to its Accounting Standards Codification after April 5, 2012.

Indicate by check mark which basis of accounting the registrant has used to prepare the financial statements included in this filing:

U.S. GAAP [X]

International Financial Reporting Standards as issued by theInternational Accounting Standards Board [_]

Other [_]

 

 

If “Other” has been checked in response to the previous question, indicate by check mark which financial statement item the registrant has elected to follow:

Item 17 [_] Item 18 [_]

If this is an annual report, indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act).

Yes [_] No [X]

TABLE OF CONTENTS

PART I		3
Item 1.	Identity of Directors, Senior Management and Advisers	3
	A. Directors and senior management	3
	B. Advisors	3
	C. Auditors	3
Item 2.	Offer Statistics and Expected Timetable	3
	A. Offer statistics	3
	B. Method and expected timetable	3
Item 3.	Key Information	3
	A. Selected Financial Data	3
	B. Capitalization and Indebtedness	4
	C. Reasons for the Offer and use of Proceeds	4
	D. Risk Factors	4
Item 4.	Information on the Company	32
	A. History and Development of the Company	32
	B. Business Overview	33
	C. Organizational Structure	56
	D. Property, Plant and Equipment	56
Item 4A.	Unresolved Staff Comments	58
Item 5.	Operating and Financial Review and Prospects	58
	A. Operating Results	58
	B. Liquidity and Capital Resources	63
	C. Research and development, patents, and Licenses, etc	66
	D. Trend Information	66
	E. Off-balance sheet arrangements	67
	F. Tabular disclosure of contractual obligations	67
	G. Safe Harbor	67
Item 6.	Directors, Senior Management and Employees	68
	A. Directors and Senior Management	68
	B. Compensation	71
	C. Board Practices	81
	D. Employees	86
	E. Share Ownership	87
Item 7.	Major Shareholders and related Party Transactions	95
	A. Major Shareholders	95
	B. Related Party Transactions	96
Item 8.	Financial Information	96
	A. Consolidated Statements and Other Financial Information	96
	B. Significant changes	98
Item 9.	The Offer and Listing	98
Item 10.	Additional Information	98
	A. Share Capital	98
	B. Articles and By-Laws	103
	C. Material Contracts	105
	D. Exchange Controls	107
	E. Taxation	107
	F. Dividends and Paying Agents	116
	G. Statement by Experts	116
	H. Documents on Display	116
	I. Subsidiary Information	116
Item 11.	Qualitative and Quantitative Disclosures about Market Risk	116
Item 12.	Description of Securities Other than equity Securities	118

 

 

	A.    Debt Securities	118
	B.    Warrants and Rights	118
	C.    Other Securities	118
	D.    American Depositary Shares	118
PART II		118
Item 13.	Defaults, Dividend Arrearages and delinquencies	118
Item 14.	Material Modifications to the Rights of Security Holders and Use of Proceeds	118
Item 15.	Controls and Procedures	119
Item 16.	[Reserved]	120
Item 16A.	Audit Committee Financial Expert	120
Item 16B.	Code of Ethics	120
Item 16C.	Principal Accountant Fees and Services	120
Item 16D.	Exemptions from the Listing Standards for Audit Committees	121
Item 16E.	Purchases of Equity Securities by the Issuer and Affiliated Purchasers	121
Item 16F.	Change in registrant’s Certifying Accountant	121
Item 16G.	Corporate Governance	121
Item 16H.	Mine Safety Disclosure	122
PART III		122
Item 17.	Financial Statements	122
Item 18.	Financial Statements	123
Item 19.	Exhibits	124

 

DISCLOSURE REGARDING FORWARD-LOOKING INFORMATION

Certain statements in this annual report constitute “forward-looking statements” within the meaning of the United States Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995 and/or “forward-looking information” under the Securities Act (Ontario). These statements include, without limitation, statements expressed or implied regarding our expectations, plans, goals and milestones, status of developments or expenditures relating to our business, plans to fund our current activities, and statements concerning our partnering activities, health regulatory submissions, strategy, future operations, future financial position, future sales, revenues and profitability, projected costs and market penetration and risks or uncertainties arising from the delisting of our shares from Nasdaq and our ability to comply with OTCQB Venture Market (“OTCQB”) and Toronto Stock Exchange (“TSX”) requirements. In some cases, you can identify forward-looking statements by terminology such as “appear”, “unlikely”, “target”, “may”, “will”, “should”, “expects”, “plans”, “plans to”, “anticipates”, “believes”, “estimates”, “predicts”, “confident”, “prospects”, “potential”, “continue”, “intends”, “look forward”, “could”, “would”, “projected”, “goals”, “set to”, “seeking” or the negative of such terms or other comparable terminology. We made a number of assumptions in the preparation of our forward-looking statements. You should not place undue reliance on our forward-looking statements, which are subject to a multitude of known and unknown risks and uncertainties that could cause actual results, future circumstances or events to differ materially from those stated in or implied by the forward-looking statements. Risks, uncertainties and other factors that could affect our actual results include, but are not limited to, the effects of general economic conditions, securing and maintaining corporate alliances, our estimates regarding our capital requirements, and the effect of capital market conditions and other factors, including the current status of our product development programs, capital availability, the estimated proceeds (and the expected use of any proceeds) we may receive from any offering of our securities, the potential dilutive effects of any financing, potential liability from and costs of defending pending or future litigation, risks associated with the novel coronavirus (COVID-19), including its impact on our business and operations, our programs regarding research, development and commercialization of our product candidates, the timing of such programs, the timing, costs and uncertainties regarding obtaining regulatory approvals to market our product candidates and the difficulty in predicting the timing and results of any product launches, the timing and amount of profit-share payments from our commercial partners, and the timing and amount of any available investment tax credits, the actual or perceived benefits to users of our drug delivery technologies, products and product candidates as compared to others, our ability to establish and maintain valid and enforceable intellectual property rights in our drug delivery technologies, products and product candidates, the scope of protection provided by intellectual property rights for our drug delivery technologies, products and product candidates, recent and future legal developments in the United States and elsewhere that could make it more difficult and costly for us to obtain regulatory approvals for our product candidates and negatively affect the prices we may charge, increased public awareness and government scrutiny of the problems associated with the potential for abuse of opioid-based medications, pursuing growth through international operations could strain our resources, our limited manufacturing, sales, marketing and distribution capability and our reliance on third parties for such, the actual size of the potential markets for any of our products and product candidates compared to our market estimates, our selection and licensing of products and product candidates, our ability to attract distributors and/or commercial partners with the ability to fund patent litigation and with acceptable product development, regulatory and commercialization expertise and the benefits to be derived from such collaborative efforts, sources of revenues and anticipated revenues, including contributions from distributors and commercial partners, product sales, license agreements and other collaborative efforts for the development and commercialization of product candidates, our ability to create an effective direct sales and marketing infrastructure for products we elect to market and sell directly, the rate and degree of market acceptance of our products, delays in product approvals that may be caused by changing regulatory requirements, the difficulty in predicting the timing of regulatory approval and launch of competitive products, the difficulty in predicting the impact of competitive products on sales volume, pricing, rebates and other allowances, the number of competitive product entries, and the nature and extent of any aggressive pricing and rebate activities that may follow, the inability to forecast wholesaler demand and/or wholesaler buying patterns, seasonal fluctuations in the number of prescriptions written for our generic Focalin XR® capsules, which may produce substantial fluctuations in revenue, the timing and amount of insurance reimbursement regarding our products, changes in laws and regulations affecting the conditions required by the United States Food and Drug Administration (“FDA”) for approval, testing and labeling of drugs including abuse or overdose deterrent properties, and changes affecting how opioids are regulated and prescribed by physicians, changes in laws and regulations, including Medicare and Medicaid, affecting among other things, pricing and reimbursement of pharmaceutical products, the effect of recent changes in U.S. federal income tax laws, including but not limited to, limitations on the deductibility of business interest, limitations on the use of net operating losses and application of the base erosion minimum tax, on our U.S. corporate income tax burden, the success and pricing of other competing therapies that may become available, our ability to retain and hire qualified employees, the availability and pricing of third-party sourced products and materials, challenges related to the development, commercialization, technology transfer, scale-up, and/or process validation of manufacturing processes for our products or product candidates, the manufacturing capacity of third-party manufacturers that we may use for our products, potential product liability risks, the recoverability of the cost of any pre-launch inventory, should a planned

 

 

product launch encounter a denial or delay of approval by regulatory bodies, a delay in commercialization, or other potential issues, the successful compliance with FDA, Health Canada and other governmental regulations applicable to us and our third party manufacturers’ facilities, products and/or businesses, our reliance on commercial partners, and any future commercial partners, to market and commercialize our products and, if approved, our product candidates, difficulties, delays, or changes in the FDA approval process or test criteria for Abbreviated New Drug Applications (“ANDAs”) and New Drug Applications (“NDAs”), challenges in securing final FDA approval for our product candidates, including our oxycodone hydrochloride extended release tablets (“Aximris XRTM”) product candidate, in particular, if a patent infringement suit is filed against us with respect to any particular product candidates (such as in the case of Oxycodone ER), which could delay the FDA’s final approval of such product candidates, healthcare reform measures that could hinder or prevent the commercial success of our products and product candidates, the risk that the FDA may not approve requested product labeling for our product candidate(s) having abuse-deterrent properties and targeting common forms of abuse (oral, intra-nasal and intravenous), risks associated with cyber-security and the potential vulnerability of our digital information or the digital information of a current and/or future drug development or commercialization partner of ours, and risks arising from the ability and willingness of our third-party commercialization partners to provide documentation that may be required to support information on revenues earned by us from those commercialization partners.

Additional risks and uncertainties relating to us and our business can be found in the “Risk Factors” section in Item 3.D below, the “Risk Factors" sections of our latest annual information form and our latest registration statements on Form F-1 and F-3 (including any documents forming a part thereof or incorporated by reference therein), as amended, as well as in our reports, public disclosure documents and other filings with the securities commissions and other regulatory bodies in Canada and the U.S., which are available on www.sedar.com and www.sec.gov. The forward-looking statements reflect our current views with respect to future events, and are based on what we believe are reasonable assumptions as of the date of this document and we disclaim any intention and have no obligation or responsibility, except as required by law, to update or revise any forward-looking statements, whether as a result of new information, future events or otherwise.

Nothing contained in this document should be construed to imply that the results discussed herein will necessarily continue into the future, or that any conclusion reached herein will necessarily be indicative of our actual operating results.

In this annual report, unless the context otherwise requires, the terms “we”, “us”, “our”, “Intellipharmaceutics,” and the “Company” refer to Intellipharmaceutics International Inc. and its subsidiaries. Any reference in this annual report to our “products” includes a reference to our product candidates and future products we may develop. Whenever we refer to any of our current product candidates (including additional product strengths of products we are currently marketing) and future products we may develop, no assurances can be given that we, or any of our strategic partners, will successfully commercialize or complete the development of any of such product candidates or future products under development or proposed for development, that regulatory approvals will be granted for any such product candidate or future product, or that any approved product will be produced in commercial quantities or sold profitably.

Unless stated otherwise, all references to “$”, “U.S.$”, or “U.S. Dollars” are to the lawful currency of the United States and all references to “C$” are to the lawful currency of Canada. In this annual report, we refer to information regarding potential markets for our products, product candidates and other industry data. We believe that all such information has been obtained from reliable sources that are customarily relied upon by companies in our industry. However, we have not independently verified any such information.

Intellipharmaceutics™, Hypermatrix™, Drug Delivery Engine™, IntelliFoam™, IntelliGITransporter™, IntelliMatrix™, IntelliOsmotics™, IntelliPaste™, IntelliPellets™, IntelliShuttle™, nPODDDS™, PODRAS™. Regabatin™ XR and Aximris XR™ are our trademarks. These trademarks are important to our business. Although we may have omitted the “TM” trademark designation for such trademarks in this annual report, all rights to such trademarks are nevertheless reserved. Unless otherwise noted, other trademarks used in this annual report are the property of their respective holders.

We initially named our oxycodone hydrochloride extended-release tablets “Rexista™,” but later changed the name of our product candidate to “Aximris XR™” as the FDA did not approve the proposed name “Rexista”. References in this annual report, and/or the documents incorporated by reference herein or therein to Oxycodone ER, Rexista™ or Aximris XR™ are intended to refer to our oxycodone hydrochloride extended release tablets product candidate.

Unless the context otherwise requires, references in this document to (i) share amounts, per share data, share prices, exercise prices and conversion rates have been adjusted to reflect the effect of the 1-for-10 reverse split (the “reverse split”) which became effective on each of Nasdaq and TSX at the open of market on September 14, 2018, and (ii) “consolidation” or “share consolidation” are intended to refer to such reverse split. The Common Shares of the Company are currently traded on the OTCQB and the TSX.

PART I

Not applicable.

Not applicable.

Not applicable.

Not applicable.

Not applicable.

The following selected financial data of the Company has been derived from the audited consolidated financial statements of the Company as at and for the years ended November 30, 2019, 2018, 2017, 2016, and 2015. The comparative number of shares issued and outstanding, basic and diluted loss per share have been amended to give effect to this arrangement transaction. These statements were prepared in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America (“U.S. GAAP”). All dollar amounts in this annual report are expressed in U.S. dollars, unless otherwise indicated.

(In thousands of U.S. dollars, except for per share data)

	As at and for the year ended November 30, 2019	As at and for the year ended November 30, 2018	As at and for the year ended November 30, 2017	As at and for the year ended November 30, 2016	As at and for the year ended November 30, 2015
	$	$	$	$	$
Revenue	3,481	1,713	5,504	2,247	4,094
Loss for the year	(8,085)	(13,747)	(8,857)	(10,144)	(7,436)
Total assets	3,797	11,474	7,397	7,975	5,224
Total liabilities	7,489	7,372	7,010	6,858	5,362
Net assets	(3,692)	4,102	386	1,116	(138)
Capital stock	45,561	44,328	35,290	29,831	21,481
Loss per share - basic and diluted	(0.37)	(2.89)	(2.86)	(3.80)	(3.13)
Dividends	Nil	Nil	Nil	Nil	Nil
Weighted average common shares	21,580	4,762	3,101	2,670	2,377

 

Not applicable.

Not applicable.

Prospects for companies in the pharmaceutical industry generally may be regarded as uncertain given the research and development (“R&D”) nature of the industry and uncertainty regarding the prospects of successfully commercializing product candidates and, accordingly, investments in companies such as ours should be regarded as very speculative. An investor should carefully consider the risks and uncertainties described below, as well as other information contained in this annual report. The list of risks and uncertainties described below is not an exhaustive list. Additional risks and uncertainties not presently known to us or that we believe to be immaterial may also adversely affect our business. If any one or more of the following risks occur, our business, financial condition and results of operations could be seriously harmed. Further, if we fail to meet the expectations of the public market in any given period, the market price of our common shares could decline. If any of the following risks actually occurs, our business, operating results, or financial condition could be materially adversely affected.

Our activities entail significant risks. In addition to the usual risks associated with a business, the following is a general description of certain significant risk factors which may be applicable to us.

Risks related to our Company

We have a history of operating losses, which may continue for the foreseeable future and our auditors have indicated that there is a substantial doubt about our ability to continue as a going concern.

To date, we have not been profitable and have incurred significant losses and cash flow deficits. For fiscal year ended November 30, 2019, we reported net losses of $8,084,646, and negative cash flow from operating activities of $6,663,677. As of November 30, 2019, we had an aggregate accumulated deficit of $93,705,585. We anticipate that we will continue to report losses and negative operating cash flow. As a result of these net losses and other factors our independent auditors issued an audit opinion with respect to our financial statements for the three years ended November 30, 2019 that indicated that there is a substantial doubt about our ability to continue as a going concern.

There can be no assurance that we will ever be able to achieve or sustain profitability or positive cash flow. In addition to the other factors described in this annual report, our ultimate success will depend on how many of our product candidates receive approval by the FDA or Health Canada and the regulatory authorities of the other countries in which our products are proposed to be sold and whether we are able to successfully market approved products. We cannot be certain that we will be able to receive FDA, Health Canada or such other regulatory approval for any of our current or future product candidates, or that we will reach the level of sales and revenues necessary to achieve and sustain profitability. If we are unsuccessful in commercializing our products and/or securing sufficient financing, we may need to cease or curtail our operations.

Our financial statements do not include any adjustments that might result from the outcome of this uncertainty. These adjustments would likely include substantial impairment of the carrying amount of our assets and potential contingent liabilities that may arise if we are unable to fulfill various operational commitments. In addition, the value of our securities would be greatly impaired. Our ability to continue as a going concern is dependent upon generating sufficient cash flow from operations and obtaining additional capital and financing. If our ability to generate cash flow from operations is delayed or reduced and we are unable to raise additional funding from other sources, we may be unable to continue in business.

Our business is capital intensive and requires significant investment to conduct the research and development, clinical and regulatory activities necessary to bring our products to market, which capital may not be available in amounts or on terms acceptable to us, if at all.

Our business requires substantial capital investment in order to conduct the R&D, clinical and regulatory activities and to defend against patent litigation claims in order to bring our products to market and to establish commercial manufacturing, marketing and sales capabilities. As of November 30, 2018, we had a cash balance of $6.6 million. As of November 30, 2019, our cash balance was $64,622. We currently expect to meet short-term cash requirements from quarterly profit share payments from Par and by cost savings associated with managing operating expense levels. If we are able to supply products to our marketing and distribution partner, Tris Pharma (as defined below), and it achieves sales of our generic Seroquel XR®, generic Pristiq and generic Effexor XR at anticipated rates, then we may satisfy our cash needs with reduced staff and cost saving measures. We will need to obtain additional funding to further product commercialization activities and development of our product candidates. Potential sources of capital may include payments from licensing agreements, and/or new strategic partnership agreements which the Company is actively exploring. The Company has funded its business activities principally through the issuance of securities, loans from related parties (see “Related Party Transactions” for more information related to the terms of such loans and applicable maturities) and funds from development agreements. There is no certainty that such funding will be available going forward. If conditions permit, we intend to utilize the equity markets and/or debt financing to bridge any funding shortfall. Our future operations are highly dependent upon our ability to source additional capital to support advancing our product pipeline through continued R&D activities and to fund any significant expansion of our operations. Our ultimate success will depend on whether our product candidates receive approval by the FDA or Health Canada and the regulatory authorities of other countries in which our products are proposed to be sold and whether we are able to successfully market our approved products. We cannot be certain that we will receive FDA or Health Canada or such other regulatory approval for any of our current or future product candidates, that we will reach the level of sales and revenues necessary to achieve and sustain profitability or that we can secure other capital sources on terms or in amounts sufficient to meet our needs, or at all. Our cash requirements for R&D during any period depend on the number and extent of the R&D activities we focus on. At present, we are focused principally on the development of 505(b)(2) product candidates, such as our Regabatin™ XR of Oxycodone ER 505(b)(2) product candidates, and selected generic product candidate development projects. Our development of Oxycodone ER required significant expenditures, including costs to defend against the Purdue (as defined below) litigation (as described in the “Legal Proceedings and Regulatory Actions” section), and some of those are still owed by the Company. For our Regabatin™ XR product candidate, Phase III clinical trials can be capital intensive, and will only be undertaken consistent with the availability of funds and a prudent cash management strategy.

The availability of equity or debt financing will be affected by, among other things, the results of our R&D, our ability to obtain regulatory approvals, our success in commercializing approved products with our commercial partners and the market acceptance of our products, the state of the capital markets generally, the delisting of our shares from Nasdaq, strategic alliance agreements and other relevant commercial considerations. In addition, if we raise additional funds by issuing equity securities, our then-existing security holders will likely experience dilution, and the incurring of indebtedness would result in increased debt service obligations and could require us to agree to operating and financial covenants that would restrict our operations. In the event that we do not obtain sufficient additional capital, it will raise substantial doubt about our ability to continue as a going concern, realize our assets, and pay our liabilities as they become due. Our cash outflows are expected to consist primarily of internal and external R&D, legal and consulting expenditures to advance our product pipeline and selling, general and administrative expenses to support our commercialization efforts. Depending upon the results of our R&D programs, the impact of the Purdue litigation and other litigation to which we are a party and the availability of financial resources, we could decide to accelerate, terminate, or reduce certain projects, or commence new ones. Any failure on our part to successfully commercialize approved products or raise additional funds on terms favorable to us, or at all, may require us to significantly change or curtail our current or planned operations in order to conserve cash until such time, if ever, that sufficient proceeds from operations are generated,

 

 

and could result in us not taking advantage of business opportunities, in the termination or delay of clinical trials or us not taking any necessary actions required by the FDA or Health Canada for one or more of our product candidates, in curtailment of our product development programs designed to identify new product candidates, in the sale or assignment of rights to our technologies, products or product candidates, and/or our inability to file ANDAs, Abbreviated New Drug Submissions (“ANDSs”) or NDAs, at all or in time to competitively market our products or product candidates.

Delays, suspensions and terminations in our preclinical studies and clinical trials could result in increased costs to us and delay our ability to generate product revenues.

The commencement of clinical trials can be delayed for a variety of reasons, including delays in:

Once a clinical trial has begun, it may be delayed, suspended or terminated due to a number of factors, including:

Based on results at any stage of product development, we may decide to repeat or redesign preclinical studies or clinical trials, conduct entirely new studies or discontinue development of products for one or all indications. In addition, our product candidates may not demonstrate sufficient safety and efficacy in pending or any future preclinical testing or clinical trials to obtain the requisite regulatory approvals. Even if such approvals are obtained for our products, they may not be accepted in the market as a viable alternative to other products already approved or pending approvals.

If we experience delays, suspensions or terminations in a preclinical study or clinical trial, the commercial prospects for our products will be harmed, and our ability to generate product revenues will be delayed or we may never be able to generate such revenues.

Loss of key scientists and/or failure to attract qualified personnel could limit our growth and negatively impact our operations.

We are dependent upon the scientific expertise of Dr. Isa Odidi, our Chairman, Chief Executive Officer and Co-Chief Scientific Officer, and Dr. Amina Odidi, our President, Chief Operating Officer and Co-Chief Scientific Officer. Although we employ other qualified scientists, Drs. Isa and Amina Odidi are our only employees with the knowledge and experience necessary for us to continue the development of controlled-release products. We do not maintain key-person life insurance on any of our officers or employees. Although we have employment agreements with key members of our management team, each of our employees may terminate his or her employment at any time. The success of our business depends, in large part, on our continued ability to attract and retain highly qualified management, scientific, manufacturing and sales and marketing personnel, on our ability to successfully integrate new employees, and on our ability to develop and maintain important relationships with leading research and medical institutions and key distributors. If we lose the services of our executive officers or other qualified personnel or are unable to attract and retain qualified individuals to fill these roles or develop key relationships, our business, financial condition and results of operations could be materially adversely affected.

Our intellectual property may not provide meaningful protection for our products and product candidates.

We hold certain U.S., Canadian and foreign patents and have pending applications for additional patents outstanding. We intend to continue to seek patent protection for, or maintain as trade secrets, all of our commercially promising drug delivery platforms and technologies. Our success depends, in part, on our and our collaborative partners’ ability to obtain and maintain patent protection for products and product candidates, maintain trade secret protection and operate without infringing the proprietary rights of third parties. Without patent and other similar protection, other companies could offer substantially identical products without incurring sizeable development costs which could diminish our ability to recover expenses of and realize profits on our developed products. If our pending patent applications are not approved, or if we are unable to obtain patents for additional developed technologies, the future protection for our technologies will remain uncertain. Furthermore, third parties may independently develop similar or alternative technologies, duplicate some or all of our technologies, design around our patented technologies or challenge our issued patents. Such third parties may have filed patent applications, or hold issued patents, relating to products or processes competitive with those we are developing or otherwise restricting our ability to do business in a particular area. If we are unable to obtain patents or otherwise protect our trade secrets or other intellectual property and operate without infringing on the proprietary rights of others, our business, financial condition and results of operations could be materially adversely affected.

We may be subject to intellectual property claims that could be costly and could disrupt our business.

Third parties may claim we have infringed their patents, trademarks, copyrights or other rights. We may be unsuccessful in defending against such claims, which could result in the inability to protect our intellectual property rights or liability in the form of substantial damages, fines or other penalties such as injunctions precluding our manufacture, importation or sales of products. The resolution of a claim could also require us to change how we do business or enter into burdensome royalty or license agreements; provided, however, we may not be able to obtain the necessary licenses on acceptable terms, or at all. Insurance coverage may be denied or may not be adequate to cover every claim that third parties could assert against us. Even unsuccessful claims could result in significant legal fees and other expenses, diversion of management’s time and disruptions in our business. Any of these claims could also harm our reputation. Any of the foregoing may have a material adverse effect upon our business and financial condition.

We are a defendant in litigation and are at risk of additional similar litigation in the future that could divert management’s attention and adversely affect our business and could subject us to significant liabilities.

We are a defendant in the litigation matters described in this annual report. The defense of such litigation may increase our expenses and divert our management’s attention and resources, and any unfavorable outcome could have a material adverse effect on our business and results of operations. Any adverse determination in such litigation, or any settlement of such litigation matters could require that we make significant payments. In addition, we may be the target of other litigation in the future. Any negative outcome in any ongoing or future litigation may have a material adverse effect on our business and financial condition.

Recent and future legal developments could make it more difficult and costly for us to obtain regulatory approvals for our product candidates and negatively affect the prices we may charge.

In the United States and elsewhere, recent and proposed legal and regulatory changes to healthcare systems could prevent or delay our receipt of regulatory approval for our product candidates, restrict or regulate our post-approval marketing activities, and adversely affect our ability to profitably sell our products. We do not know whether additional legislative changes will be enacted, or whether the FDA’s regulations, guidance or interpretations will be changed, or what impact any such changes will have, if any, on our ability to obtain regulatory approvals for our product candidates. Further, the U.S. Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services (“CMS”) frequently changes product descriptors, coverage policies, product and service codes, payment methodologies and reimbursement values. Also, increased scrutiny by the U.S. Congress of the FDA’s approval process could significantly delay or prevent our receipt of regulatory approval for our product candidates and subject us to more stringent product labeling and post-marketing testing and other requirements.

We operate in a highly litigious environment.

From time to time, we may be exposed to claims and legal actions in the normal course of business. There has been substantial litigation in the pharmaceutical industry concerning the manufacture, use and sale of new products that are the subject of conflicting patent rights. When we file an ANDA or 505(b)(2) new drug application (NDA) for a bioequivalent version of a drug, we may, in some circumstances, be required to certify to the FDA that any patent which has been listed with the FDA as covering the branded product has expired, the date any such patent will expire, or that any such patent is invalid or will not be infringed by the manufacture, sale or use of the new drug for which the application is submitted. Approval of an ANDA is not effective until each listed patent expires, unless the applicant certifies that the patents at issue are not infringed or are invalid and so notifies the patent holder and the holder of the branded product. A patent holder may challenge a notice of non-infringement or invalidity by suing for patent infringement within 45 days of receiving notice. Such a challenge prevents FDA approval for a period which ends 30 months after the receipt of notice, or sooner if an appropriate court rules that the patent is invalid or not infringed. From time to time, in the ordinary course of business, we face and have faced such challenges and may continue to do so in the future.

As of the date of this annual report, we are not aware of any pending or threatened material litigation claims against us, other than as described in this annual report under the caption “Legal Proceedings and Regulatory Actions”. Litigation to which we are, or may be, subject could relate to, among other things, our patent and other intellectual property rights or such rights of others, business or licensing arrangements with other persons, product liability or financing activities. Such litigation could include an injunction against the manufacture or sale of one or more of our products or potential products or a significant monetary judgment, including a possible punitive damages award, or a judgment that certain of our patent or other intellectual property rights are invalid or unenforceable or infringe the intellectual property rights of others. If such litigation is commenced, our business, results of operations, financial condition and cash flows could be materially adversely affected.

We rely on maintaining as trade secrets our competitively sensitive know-how and other information, the intentional or unintentional disclosure of which could impair our competitive position.

As to many technical aspects of our business, we have concluded that competitively sensitive information is either not patentable or that for competitive reasons it is not commercially advantageous to seek patent protection. In these circumstances, we seek to protect this know-how and other proprietary information by maintaining it in confidence as a trade secret. To maintain the confidentiality of our trade secrets, we generally enter into agreements that contain confidentiality provisions with our employees, consultants, collaborators, contract manufacturers and advisors upon commencement of their relationships with us. These provisions generally require that all confidential information developed by the individual or made known to the individual by us during the course of the individual’s relationship with us be kept confidential and not disclosed to third parties. We may not have these arrangements in place in all circumstances, and the confidentiality provisions in our favour may be breached. We may not become aware of, or have adequate remedies in the event of, any such breach. In addition, in some situations, the confidentiality provisions in our favour may conflict with, or be subject to, the rights of third parties with whom our employees, consultants, collaborators, contract manufacturers or advisors have previous employment or consulting relationships. To the extent that our employees, consultants, collaborators, contract manufacturers or advisors use trade secrets or know-how owned by others in their work for us, disputes may arise as to the ownership of relative inventions. Also, others may independently develop substantially equivalent trade secrets, processes and know-how, and competitors may be able to use this information to develop products that compete with our products, which could adversely impact our business. The disclosure of our trade secrets could impair our competitive position. Adequate remedies may not exist in the event of unauthorized use or disclosure of our confidential information.

Our founders potentially may be able to exercise influence over certain corporate actions.

Our founders, Drs. Amina and Isa Odidi, our President, Chief Operating Officer and Co-Chief Scientific Officer and our Chairman, Chief Executive Officer and Co-Chief Scientific Officer, respectively, and shareholders of our Company, and Odidi Holdings Inc., a privately-held company controlled by Drs. Amina and Isa Odidi, own in the aggregate approximately 2.44% of our issued and outstanding Common Shares as of March 30, 2020 (and collectively beneficially owned in the aggregate approximately 19.71% of our Common Shares, including Common Shares issuable upon the exercise of outstanding options and the conversion of the 2018 Debenture (as defined below), May 2019 Debenture (as defined below) and the November 2019 Debenture (as defined below and collectively with the 2018 Debenture and the May 2019 Debenture, the “Debentures”). As a result, these shareholders potentially may be able to exercise influence over matters submitted to our shareholders for approval.

Approvals for our product candidates may be delayed or become more difficult to obtain if the FDA changes its approval requirements.

The FDA may institute changes to its ANDA approval requirements, which may make it more difficult or expensive for us to obtain approval for our new generic products. For instance, in July 2012, the Generic Drug User Fee Amendments of 2012 (“GDUFA”), was enacted into law. The GDUFA legislation implemented substantial fees for new ANDAs, Drug Master Files, and product and establishment fees. In return, the program is intended to provide faster and more predictable ANDA reviews by the FDA and more timely inspections of drug facilities. For the FDA’s fiscal year 2020, the user fee rate is $176,237.  For the FDA’s fiscal year 2020, the FDA will also charge an annual facility user fee of $210,662 plus a general program fee of $166,168. Under GDUFA, generic product companies face significant penalties for failure to pay the new user fees, including rendering an ANDA not “substantially complete” until the fee is paid. It is currently uncertain the effect the new fees will have on our ANDA process and business. However, any failure by us or our suppliers to pay the fees or to comply with the other provisions of GDUFA may adversely impact or delay our ability to file ANDAs, obtain approvals for new generic products and generate revenues and thus may have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations and financial condition.

We cannot ensure the availability of raw materials.

Certain raw materials necessary for the development and subsequent commercial manufacture of our product candidates may be proprietary products of other companies. While we attempt to manage the risk associated with such proprietary raw materials through contractual provisions in supply contracts, by management of inventory and by continuing to search for alternative authorized suppliers of such materials or their equivalents, if our efforts fail, or if there is a material shortage, contamination, and/or recall of such materials, the resulting scarcity, and scarcity as a result of any other reason (such as the novel coronavirus (COVID-19)), could adversely affect our ability to develop or manufacture our product candidates. In addition, many third party suppliers are subject to governmental regulation and, accordingly, we are dependent on the regulatory compliance of, as well as on the strength, enforceability and terms of our various contracts with, these third party suppliers.

Further, the FDA requires identification of raw material suppliers in applications for approval of drug products. If raw materials are unavailable from a specified supplier, the supplier does not give us access to its technical information for our application or the supplier is not in compliance with FDA or other applicable requirements, FDA approval of the supplier could delay the manufacture of the drug involved. Any inability to obtain raw materials on a timely basis, or any significant price increases which cannot be passed on to our customers, could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations, financial condition and cash flows.

Our product candidates may not be successfully developed or commercialized.

Successful development of our product candidates is highly uncertain and is dependent on numerous factors, many of which are beyond our control. Products that appear promising in research or early phases of development may fail to reach later stages of development or the market for several reasons including:

Further, success in preclinical and early clinical trials does not ensure that large-scale clinical trials will be successful, nor does success in preliminary studies for ANDA candidates ensure that bioequivalence studies will be successful. Results are frequently susceptible to varying interpretations that may delay, limit or prevent regulatory approvals. The length of time necessary to complete bioequivalence studies or clinical trials and to submit an application for marketing approval for a final decision by a regulatory authority varies significantly and may be difficult to predict.

As a result, there can be no assurance that any of our product candidates currently in development will ever be successfully commercialized.

Near-term revenue depends significantly on the success of our commercialized products

Our ability to generate significant near-term revenue will depend upon successful commercialization of our ANDA products.

Our ANDA product, a once daily generic Focalin XR® capsules, for which we received final approval from the FDA in November 2013 under the Company ANDA (as defined below) to launch the 15 and 30 mg strengths. Commercial sales of these strengths were launched immediately by our commercialization partner in the U.S., Par Pharmaceutical, Inc. (“Par”). Our 5, 10, 20 and 40 mg strengths were also then tentatively FDA approved, subject to the right of Teva Pharmaceuticals USA, Inc. (“Teva”) to 180 days of generic exclusivity from the date of first launch of such products. Teva launched its own 5, 10, 20 and 40 mg strengths of generic Focalin XR® capsules on November 11, 2014, February 2, 2015, June 22, 2015 and November 19, 2013, respectively. In January 2017, Par launched the 25 and 35 mg strengths of its generic Focalin XR® capsules in the U.S., and in May 2017, Par launched the 10 and 20 mg strengths, complementing the 15 and 30 mg strengths of our generic Focalin XR® marketed by Par. The FDA granted final approval under the Par ANDA (as defined in Item 4.B. below) for its generic Focalin XR® capsules in the 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35 and 40 mg strengths. As the first filer of an ANDA for generic Focalin XR® in the 25 and 35 mg strengths, Par had 180 days of U.S. generic marketing exclusivity for those strengths. In November 2017, Par launched the remaining 5 and 40 mg strengths of generic Focalin XR®, complementing the 10, 15, 20, 25, 30 and 35 mg strengths previously launched and marketed by Par and providing us with the full line of general Focalin XR® strengths available in the U.S. market. Under the Par agreement (as defined below), we receive calendar quarterly profit-share payments on Par’s U.S. sales of generic Focalin XR®. There can be no assurance that commercialization of the product will produce significant revenue for us. We depend significantly on the actions of our marketing partner Par in the prosecution, regulatory approval and commercialization of our generic Focalin XR® capsules and on their timely payment to us of the contracted calendar quarterly payments as they come due.

On August 15, 2019, we announced a license and commercial supply agreement with Tris Pharma, granting Tris Pharma the exclusive license to market, sell and distribute all strengths of generic Seroquel XR® (quetiapine fumarate extended-release tablets) in the United States. In May 2019, we received approval from the FDA for our ANDA for desvenlafaxine extended-release tablets in the 50 and 100 mg strengths and on September 5, 2019, we announced an agreement with Tris Pharma, granting Tris Pharma an exclusive license to market, sell and distribute that product in the United States. Our Venlafaxine hydrochloride extended-release capsules received final approval from the FDA in the 37.5, 75 and 150 mg strengths in November 2018; and the Company announced an exclusive licensing agreement with Tris Pharma to market, sell and distribute that product in the United States in November 2019.

There can be no assurance that any strengths of products licensed to Tris Pharma will be successfully commercialized. We depend significantly on the actions of our marketing partner Tris Pharma in the commercialization of these licensed products and on their timely payment to us of the contracted payments as they come due.

Our near-term ability to generate significant revenue will depend upon successful commercialization of our products in the U.S., where the branded products are in the market. Although we have some NDA 505(b)(2) product candidates in our pipeline, these are at early stages of development. We have ANDAs still under review by the FDA and commercial alternatives for our products that have been approved by the FDA that are not licensed.

Our significant expenditures on R&D may not lead to successful product introductions.

We conduct R&D primarily to enable us to manufacture and market pharmaceuticals in accordance with FDA regulations. Typically, research expenses related to the development of innovative compounds and the filing of NDAs are significantly greater than those expenses associated with ANDAs. As we continue to develop new products, our research expenses will likely increase. We are required to obtain FDA approval before marketing our drug products and the approval process is costly and time consuming. Because of the inherent risk associated with R&D efforts in our industry, particularly with respect to new drugs, our R&D expenditures may not result in the successful introduction of FDA approved new pharmaceuticals.

We may not have the ability to develop or license, or otherwise acquire, and introduce new products on a timely basis.

Product development is inherently risky, especially for new drugs for which safety and efficacy have not been established and the market is not yet proven. Likewise, product licensing involves inherent risks including uncertainties due to matters that may affect the achievement of milestones, as well as the possibility of contractual disagreements with regard to terms such as license scope or termination rights. The development and commercialization process, particularly with regard to new drugs, also requires substantial time, effort and financial resources. The process of obtaining FDA or other regulatory approval to manufacture and market new and generic pharmaceutical products is rigorous, time consuming, costly and largely unpredictable. We, or a partner, may not be successful in obtaining FDA or other required regulatory approval or in commercializing any of the product candidates that we are developing or licensing.

Our business and operations are increasingly dependent on information technology and accordingly we would suffer in the event of computer system failures, cyber-attacks or a deficiency in cyber-security.

Our internal computer systems, and those of our vendors and current and/or future drug development or commercialization partners of ours, may be vulnerable to damage from cyber-attacks, computer viruses, malware, natural disasters, terrorism, war, telecommunication and electrical failures. The risk of a security breach or disruption, particularly through cyber-attacks, including by computer hackers, foreign governments, and cyber terrorists, has generally increased as the number, intensity and sophistication of attempted attacks and intrusions have increased. If such an event were to occur and cause interruptions in our operations or those of a drug development or commercialization partner, it could result in a material disruption of our product development programs. For example, the loss of clinical trial data from completed or ongoing or planned clinical trials could result in delays in our regulatory approval efforts and significantly increase our costs to recover or reproduce the data. To the extent that any disruption or security breach results in a loss of or damage to our data or applications, or inappropriate disclosure of confidential or proprietary information, we could incur significant liability and damage to our reputation. In addition, further development of our drug candidates could be adversely affected.

In addition, the unauthorized dissemination of sensitive personal information could expose us or other third parties to regulatory fines or penalties, litigation and potential liability, or otherwise harm our business.

Our business can be impacted by wholesaler buying patterns, increased generic competition and, to a lesser extent, seasonal fluctuations, which may cause our operating results to fluctuate.

We believe that the revenues derived from our generic Focalin XR® capsules and other licensed products are subject to wholesaler buying patterns, increased generic competition negatively impacting price, margins and market share consistent with industry post-exclusivity experience and, to a lesser extent, seasonal fluctuations in relation to generic Focalin XR® capsules (as these products are indicated for conditions including attention deficit hyperactivity disorder which we expect may see increases in prescription rates during the school term and declines in prescription rates during the summer months). Accordingly, these factors may cause our operating results to fluctuate.

We may not achieve our projected development goals in the time frames we announce and expect.

We set goals regarding the expected timing of meeting certain corporate objectives, such as the commencement and completion of clinical trials, anticipated regulatory approval and product launch dates. From time to time, we may make certain public statements regarding these goals. The actual timing of these events can vary dramatically due to, among other things, insufficient funding, delays or failures in our clinical trials or bioequivalence studies, the uncertainties inherent in the regulatory approval process, such as failure to secure appropriate product labeling approvals, requests for additional information, delays in achieving manufacturing or marketing arrangements necessary to commercialize our product candidates and failure by our collaborators, marketing and distribution partners, suppliers and other third parties to fulfill contractual obligations. In addition, the possibility of a patent infringement suit regarding one or more of our product candidates could delay final FDA approval of such candidates. If we fail to achieve one or more of these planned goals, the price of our common shares could decline.

We have limited manufacturing, sales, marketing or distribution capability and we must rely upon third parties for such.

While we have our own manufacturing facility in Toronto, we rely on third-party manufacturers to supply pharmaceutical ingredients, and we will be reliant upon a third-party manufacturer to produce certain of our products and product candidates. Third-party manufacturers may not be able to meet our deadlines or adhere to quality standards and specifications. Our reliance on third parties for the manufacture of pharmaceutical ingredients and finished products creates a dependency that could severely disrupt our research and development, our clinical testing, and ultimately our sales and marketing efforts if such third party manufacturers fail to perform satisfactorily, or do not adequately fulfill their obligations. If our manufacturing operation or any contracted manufacturing operation is unreliable or unavailable, we may not be able to move forward with our intended business operations and our entire business plan could fail. There is no assurance that our manufacturing operation or any third-party manufacturers will be able to meet commercialized scale production requirements in a timely manner or in accordance with applicable standards or current Good Manufacturing Practices (“cGMP”).

If our manufacturing facility is unable to manufacture our product(s) or the manufacturing process is interrupted due to failure to comply with regulations or for other reasons, it could have a material adverse impact on our business.

If our manufacturing facility fails to comply with regulatory requirements or encounter other manufacturing difficulties, it could adversely affect our ability to supply products. All facilities and manufacturing processes used for the manufacture of pharmaceutical products are subject to inspection by regulatory agencies at any time and must be operated in conformity with the current cGMP regulations. Compliance with FDA and Health Canada cGMP requirements applies to both drug products seeking regulatory approval and to approved drug products. In complying with cGMP requirements, pharmaceutical manufacturing facilities must continually expend significant time, money and effort in production, record-keeping and quality assurance and control so that their products meet applicable specifications and other requirements for product safety, efficacy and quality. Failure to comply with applicable legal requirements subjects our manufacturing facility to possible legal or regulatory action, including shutdown, which may adversely affect our ability to manufacture product. Were we not able to manufacture products at our manufacturing facility because of regulatory, business or any other reasons, the manufacture and marketing of these products would be interrupted. This could have a material adverse impact on our business, results of operations, financial condition, cash flows and competitive position.

The use of legal and regulatory strategies by competitors with innovator products, including the filing of citizen petitions, may delay or prevent the introduction or approval of our product candidates, increase our costs associated with the introduction or marketing of our products, or significantly reduce the profit potential of our product candidates.

Companies with innovator drugs often pursue strategies that may serve to prevent or delay competition from alternatives to their innovator products. These strategies include, but are not limited to:

These strategies could delay, reduce or eliminate our entry into the market and our ability to generate revenues from our products and product candidates.

Our products and product candidates, if approved for sale, may not gain acceptance among physicians, patients and the medical community, thereby limiting our potential to generate revenue.

Even if we are able to obtain regulatory approvals for our product candidates, the success of any of our products will be dependent upon market acceptance by physicians, healthcare professionals and third-party payers and our profitability and growth will depend on a number of factors, including:

If any product candidate that we develop does not provide a treatment regimen that is as beneficial as, or is perceived as being as beneficial as, the current standard of care or otherwise does not provide patient benefit, that product candidate, if approved for commercial sale by the FDA or other regulatory authorities, likely will not achieve market acceptance. Our ability to effectively promote and sell any approved products will also depend on pricing and cost-effectiveness, including our ability to produce a product at a competitive price and our ability to obtain sufficient third-party coverage or reimbursement. If any product candidate is approved but does not achieve an adequate level of acceptance by physicians, patients and third-party payers, our ability to generate revenues from that product would be substantially reduced. In addition, our efforts to educate the medical community and third-party payers on the benefits of our product candidates may require significant resources, may be constrained by FDA rules and policies on product promotion, and may never be successful.

The risks and uncertainties inherent in conducting clinical trials could delay or prevent the development and commercialization of our own branded products, which could have a material adverse effect on our results of operations, liquidity, financial condition, and growth prospects.

There are a number of risks and uncertainties associated with clinical trials, which may be exacerbated by our relatively limited experience in conducting and supervising clinical trials and preparing NDAs. The results of initial clinical trials may not be indicative of results that would be obtained from large scale testing. Clinical trials are often conducted with patients having advanced stages of disease and, as a result, during the course of treatment these patients can die or suffer adverse medical effects for reasons that may not be related to the pharmaceutical agents being tested, but which nevertheless affect the clinical trial results. In addition, side effects experienced by the patients may cause delay of approval of our product candidates or a limited application of an approved product. Moreover, our clinical trials may not demonstrate sufficient safety and efficacy to obtain FDA approval.

Failure can occur at any time during the clinical trial process and, in addition, the results from early clinical trials may not be predictive of results obtained in later and larger clinical trials, and product candidates in later clinical trials may fail to show the desired safety or efficacy despite having progressed successfully through earlier clinical testing. A number of companies in the pharmaceutical industry have suffered significant setbacks in clinical trials, even in advanced clinical trials after showing positive results in earlier clinical trials. In the future, the completion of clinical trials for our product candidates may be delayed or halted for many reasons, including those relating to the following:

In addition, our product candidates could be subject to competition for clinical study sites and patients from other therapies under development by other companies which may delay the enrollment in or initiation of our clinical trials. Many of these companies have significantly more resources than we do.

The FDA or other foreign regulatory authorities may require us to conduct unanticipated additional clinical trials, which could result in additional expense and delays in bringing our product candidates to market. Any failure or delay in completing clinical trials for our product candidates would prevent or delay the commercialization of our product candidates. There can be no assurance our expenses related to clinical trials will lead to the development of brand-name drugs which will generate revenues in the near future. Delays or failure in the development and commercialization of our own branded products could have a material adverse effect on our results of operations, liquidity, financial condition, and our growth prospects.

We rely on third parties to conduct clinical trials for our product candidates, and if they do not properly and successfully perform their legal and regulatory obligations, as well as their contractual obligations to us, we may not be able to obtain regulatory approvals for our product candidates.

We design the clinical trials for our product candidates, but rely on contract research organizations and other third parties to assist us in managing, monitoring and otherwise carrying out these trials, including with respect to site selection, contract negotiation and data management. We do not control these third parties and, as a result, they may not treat our clinical studies as their highest priority, or in the manner in which we would prefer, which could result in delays. Although we rely on third parties to conduct our clinical trials, we are responsible for confirming that each of our clinical trials is conducted in accordance with our general investigational plan and protocol. Moreover, the FDA and foreign regulatory agencies require us to comply with regulations and standards, commonly referred to as good clinical practices (“good clinical practices”), for conducting, recording and reporting the results of clinical trials to ensure that the data and results are credible and accurate and that the trial participants are adequately protected. Our reliance on third parties does not relieve us of these responsibilities and requirements. The FDA enforces good clinical practices through periodic inspections of trial sponsors, principal investigators and trial sites. If we, our contract research organizations or our study sites fail to comply with applicable good clinical practices, the clinical data generated in our clinical trials may be deemed unreliable and the FDA may require us to perform additional clinical trials before approving our marketing applications. There can be no assurance that, upon inspection, the FDA will determine that any of our clinical trials comply with good clinical practices. In addition, our clinical trials must be conducted with product manufactured under the FDA’s cGMP regulations. Our failure, or the failure of our contract manufacturers, if any are involved in the process, to comply with these regulations may require us to repeat clinical trials, which would delay the regulatory approval process.

If third parties do not successfully carry out their duties under their agreements with us; if the quality or accuracy of the data they obtain is compromised due to failure to adhere to our clinical protocols or regulatory requirements; or if they otherwise fail to comply with clinical trial protocols or meet expected deadlines, our clinical trials may not meet regulatory requirements. If our clinical trials do not meet regulatory requirements or if these third parties need to be replaced, such clinical trials may be extended, delayed, suspended or terminated. If any of these events occur, we may not be able to obtain regulatory approval of our product candidates, which could have a material adverse effect on our results of operations, financial condition and growth prospects.

Competition in our industry is intense, and developments by other companies could render our products and product candidates obsolete.

Many of our competitors, including medical technology, pharmaceutical or biotechnology and other companies, universities, government agencies, or research organizations, have substantially greater financial and technical resources and production and marketing capabilities than we have. They also may have greater experience in conducting bioequivalence studies, preclinical testing and clinical trials of pharmaceutical products, obtaining FDA and other regulatory approvals, and ultimately commercializing any approved products. Therefore, our competitors may succeed in developing and commercializing technologies and products that are more effective than the drug delivery technologies we have developed or we are developing or that will cause our technologies or products to become obsolete or non-competitive. In addition, such competitors may obtain FDA approval for products faster than us. Any of the foregoing could render our products obsolete and uncompetitive, which would have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations. Even if we commence further commercial sales of our products, we will be competing against the greater manufacturing efficiency and marketing capabilities of our competitors, areas in which we have limited or no experience.

We rely on collaborative arrangements with third parties that provide manufacturing and/or marketing support for some or all of our products and product candidates. Even if we find a potential partner, we may not be able to negotiate an arrangement on favourable terms or achieve results that we consider satisfactory. In addition, such arrangements can be terminated under certain conditions and do not assure a product’s success. We also face intense competition for collaboration arrangements with other pharmaceutical and biotechnology companies.

Although we believe that our ownership of patents for some of our drug delivery products will limit direct competition for such products, we must also compete with established existing products and other technologies, products and delivery alternatives that may be more effective than our products and proposed products. In addition, we may not be able to compete effectively with other commercially available products or drug delivery technologies.

We require regulatory approvals for any products that use our drug delivery technologies.

Our drug delivery technologies can be quite complex, with many different components. The development required to take a technology from its earliest stages to its incorporation in a product that is sold commercially can take many years and cost a substantial amount of money. Significant technical challenges are common as additional products incorporating our technologies progress through development.

Any particular technology such as our abuse-deterrent technology may not perform in the same manner when used with different therapeutic agents, and therefore this technology may not prove to be as useful or valuable as originally thought, resulting in additional development work.

If our efforts do not repeatedly lead to successful development of product candidates, we may not be able to grow our pipeline or to enter into agreements with marketing and distribution partners or collaborators that are willing to distribute or develop our product candidates. Delays or unanticipated increases in costs of development at any stage, or failure to solve a technical challenge, could adversely affect our operating results.

If contract manufacturers fail to devote sufficient time and resources to our concerns, or if their performance is substandard, the commercialization of our products could be delayed or prevented, and this may result in higher costs or deprive us of potential product revenues.

We rely on contract manufacturers for certain components and ingredients of our clinical trial materials, such as active pharmaceutical ingredients (“APIs”), and we may rely on such manufacturers for commercial sales purposes as well. Our reliance on contract manufacturers in these respects will expose us to several risks which could delay or prevent the commercialization of our products, result in higher costs, or deprive us of potential product revenues, including:

In addition, drug manufacturers are subject to ongoing periodic unannounced inspection by the FDA and corresponding state and foreign agencies to ensure strict compliance with cGMP and other government regulations. While we may audit the performance of third-party contractors, we will not have complete control over their compliance with these regulations and standards. Failure by either our third-party manufacturers or by us to comply with applicable regulations could result in sanctions being imposed on us, including fines, injunctions, civil penalties, failure of applicable regulatory authorities to grant review of submissions or market approval of drugs, delays, suspension or withdrawal of approvals, product seizures or recalls, operating restrictions, facility closures and criminal prosecutions, any of which could harm our business.

We are subject to currency rate fluctuations that may impact our financial results.

Although our financial results are reported in U.S. dollars and our revenues are payable in U.S. dollars, a majority of our expenses are payable in Canadian dollars. Our financial condition may be affected by movements of the U.S. dollar against the Canadian dollar. There may be instances where we have net foreign currency exposure. Any fluctuations in exchange rates may have an adverse effect on our financial results.

We are exposed to risks arising from the ability and willingness of our third-party commercialization partners to provide documentation that may be required to support information on revenues earned by us from those commercialization partners.

If our third-party commercialization partners, from whom we receive revenues, are unable or unwilling to supply necessary or sufficient documentation to support the revenue numbers in our financial statements in a timely manner to the satisfaction of our auditors, this may lead to delays in the timely publication of our financial results, our ability to obtain an auditor’s report on our financial statements and our possible inability to access the financial markets during the time our results remain unpublished.

We rely on commercial partners, and may rely on future commercial partners, to market and commercialize our products and, if approved, our product candidates, and one or more of those commercial partners may fail to develop and effectively commercialize our current, and any future, products.

Our core competency and strategic focus is on drug development and we now, and may in the future, utilize strategic commercial partners to assist in the commercialization of our products and our product candidates, if approved by the FDA. If we enter into strategic partnerships or similar arrangements, we will rely on third parties for financial resources and for commercialization, sales and marketing. Our commercial partners may fail to develop or effectively commercialize our current, and any future products, for a variety of reasons, including, among others, intense competition, lack of adequate financial or other resources or focus on other initiatives or priorities. Any failure of our third-party commercial partners to successfully market and commercialize our products and product candidates would diminish our revenues.

We have limited sales, marketing and distribution experience.

We have limited experience in the sales, marketing, and distribution of pharmaceutical products. There can be no assurance that, if required, we would be able to establish sales, marketing, and distribution capabilities or make arrangements with our collaborators, licensees, or others to perform such activities or that such efforts would be successful. If we fail to establish successful marketing and sales capabilities or to make arrangements with third parties, our business, financial condition and results of operations will be materially adversely affected.

Our effective tax rate may vary.

Various internal and external factors may have favorable or unfavorable effects on our future effective tax rate. These factors include, but are not limited to, changes in tax laws, regulations and/or rates, changing interpretations of existing tax laws or regulations, future levels of R&D spending, the availability of tax credit programs for the reimbursement of all or a significant proportion of R&D spending, and changes in overall levels of pre-tax earnings. At present, we qualify in Canada for certain research tax credits for qualified scientific research and experimental development pertaining to our drug delivery technologies and drug products in research stages. If Canadian tax laws relating to research tax credits were substantially negatively altered or eliminated, or if a substantial portion of our claims for tax credits were denied by the relevant taxing authorities, pursuant to an audit or otherwise, it would have a material adverse effect upon our financial results.

The effect of U.S. federal income tax law changes enacted in 2017 on the U.S. corporate income tax burden on our future U.S. operations cannot be predicted. Although such legislation reduced the maximum corporate income tax rate from 35% to 21%, it also introduced several changes that could increase our effective rate of tax to a rate in excess of 21% on any net operating income we earn in the future. For example, if our operations are highly leveraged, the new limitations on business interest deductions may prevent us from being able to reduce our corporate income tax base by a significant amount of interest incurred on debt necessary to fund operations. In addition, newly enacted limitations on a corporation’s ability to reduce its taxable income by net operating loss carryovers may prevent us from using prior year accumulated losses fully to offset taxable income earned in profitable years. Finally, if we make significant payments for interest, royalties, services and otherwise deductible items to our foreign affiliates, the base erosion minimum tax enacted in 2017 may apply to increase our effective rate of U.S. corporate income tax.

Shareholder ownership interest in the Company may be diluted as a result of future financings and acquisitions.

The Company may seek to raise funds from time to time in public or private issuances of equity in the near future or over the longer term. Sales of the Company’s securities offered through future equity offerings may result in substantial dilution to the interests of the Company’s current shareholders. The sale of a substantial number of securities to investors, or anticipation of such sales, could make it more difficult for the Company to sell equity or equity-related securities in the future at a time and at a price that the Company might otherwise wish to effect sales. In addition, the Company may issue its Common Shares for various acquisitions in the future, which may also result in substantial dilution to the interests of the Company’s current shareholders.

Authorized capital includes an unlimited number of shares of Common Shares.

The Company’s authorized capital consists of an unlimited number of shares of one class designated as Common Shares. The directors may create any class or series of shares by resolution but may not make any modification to the provisions attaching to our Common Shares without the affirmative vote of two-thirds of the votes cast by the holders of the Common Shares. The Company’s Common Shares do not have pre-emptive rights to purchase additional shares.

We may lose our foreign private issuer status in the future, which could result in significant additional costs and expenses.

We are a “foreign private issuer,” as such term is defined under the U.S. Securities Act of 1933, as amended (“U.S. Securities Act”), and, therefore, we are not required to comply with all the periodic disclosure and current reporting requirements of the U.S. Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the “U.S. Exchange Act”) and related rules and regulations. Under the U.S. Securities Act, the determination of foreign private issuer status is made annually on the last business day of an issuer’s most recently completed second fiscal quarter and, accordingly, the next determination will be made with respect to us on May 30, 2020.

In the future, we would lose our foreign private issuer status if a majority of our shares are owned by U.S residents and a majority of our directors or executive officers are U.S. citizens or residents or we fail to meet additional requirements necessary to avoid loss of foreign private issuer status. Although we have elected to comply with certain U.S. regulatory provisions, our loss of foreign private issuer status would make such provisions mandatory. If we are not a foreign private issuer, we will be required to file periodic reports and registration statements on U.S. domestic issuer forms with the Securities and Exchange Commission (“SEC”), which are more detailed and extensive than the forms available to a foreign private issuer. For example, the annual report on Form 10-K requires domestic issuers to disclose executive compensation information on an individual basis with specific disclosure regarding the domestic compensation philosophy, objectives, annual total compensation (base salary, bonus and equity compensation) and potential payments in connection with change in control, retirement, death or disability, while the annual report on Form 20-F permits foreign private issuers to disclose compensation information on an aggregate basis. We would also have to mandatorily comply with U.S. federal proxy requirements, and our executive officers, directors and principal shareholders would become subject to the short-swing profit disclosure and recovery provisions of Section 16 of the U.S. Exchange Act. We may also be required to modify certain of our policies to comply with good governance practices associated with U.S. domestic issuers. In addition, we may lose our ability to rely upon exemptions from certain corporate governance requirements on U.S. stock exchanges that are available to foreign private issuers. Such transition and modifications would involve additional costs and may divert our management’s attention from other business concerns, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations. 

Future issuances of our shares could adversely affect the trading price of our Common Shares and could result in substantial dilution to shareholders.

We may need to issue substantial amounts of Common Shares in the future. There can be no assurance that we will be able to sell any additional shares. To the extent that the market price of our Common Shares declines, we will need to issue an increasing number of Common Shares per dollar of equity investment. In addition to our Common Shares issuable in connection with the exercise of our outstanding warrants, our employees, and directors will hold rights to acquire substantial amounts of our Common Shares. In order to obtain future financing if required, it is likely that we will issue additional Common Shares or financial instruments that are exchangeable for or convertible into Common Shares. Also, in order to provide incentives to employees and induce prospective employees and consultants to work for us, we may offer and issue options to purchase Common Shares and/or rights exchangeable for or convertible into Common Shares. Future issuances of shares could result in substantial dilution to shareholders. Capital raising activities, if available, and dilution associated with such activities could cause our share price to decline. In addition, the existence of Common Share purchase warrants may encourage short selling by market participants. Also, in order to provide incentives to current employees and directors and induce prospective employees and consultants to work for us, we have historically granted options and deferred share units (“DSUs”), and intend to continue to do so or offer and issue other rights exchangeable for or convertible into Common Shares. Future issuances of shares could result in substantial dilution to all our shareholders. In addition, future public sales by holders of our Common Shares could impair our ability to raise capital through any future equity offerings.

Risks related to our Industry

Generic drug manufacturers will increase competition for certain products and may reduce our expected royalties.

Part of our product development strategy includes making NDA filings relating to product candidates involving the novel reformulation of existing drugs with active ingredients that are off-patent. Such NDA product candidates, if approved, are likely to face competition from generic versions of such drugs in the future. Regulatory approval for generic drugs may be obtained without investing in costly and time consuming clinical trials. Because of substantially reduced development costs, manufacturers of generic drugs are often able to charge much lower prices for their products than the original developer of a new product. If we face competition from manufacturers of generic drugs on products we may commercialize, such as our once-daily Oxycodone ER product candidate, the prices at which such of our products are sold and the revenues we may receive could be reduced.

Revenues from generic pharmaceutical products typically decline as a result of competition, both from other pharmaceutical companies and as a result of increased governmental pricing pressure.

Our generic drugs face intense competition. Prices of generic drugs typically decline, often dramatically, especially as additional generic pharmaceutical companies (including low-cost generic producers based in China and India) receive approvals and enter the market for a given product and competition intensifies. Consequently, our ability to sustain our sales and profitability on any given product over time is affected by the number of new companies selling such product and the timing of their approvals.

In addition, intense pressure from government healthcare authorities to reduce their expenditures on prescription drugs could result in lower pharmaceutical pricing, causing decreases in our revenues.

Furthermore, brand pharmaceutical companies continue to defend their products vigorously. For example, brand companies often sell or license their own generic versions of their products, either directly or through other generic pharmaceutical companies (so-called “authorized generics”). No significant regulatory approvals are required for authorized generics, and brand companies do not face any other significant barriers to entry into such market. Brand companies may seek to delay introductions of generic equivalents through a variety of commercial and regulatory tactics. These actions may increase the costs and risks of our efforts to introduce generic products and may delay or prevent such introduction altogether.

Market acceptance of our products will be limited if users of our products are unable to obtain adequate reimbursement from third-party payers.

Government health administration authorities, private health insurers and other organizations generally provide reimbursement for products like ours, and our commercial success will depend in part on whether appropriate reimbursement levels for the cost of our products and related treatments are obtained from government authorities, private health insurers and other organizations, such as health maintenance organizations and managed care organizations. Even if we succeed in bringing any of our products to market, third-party payers may not provide reimbursement in whole or in part for the use of such products.

Significant uncertainty exists as to the reimbursement status of newly approved health care products. Some of our product candidates, such as our once-daily Oxycodone ER, are intended to replace or alter existing therapies or procedures. These third-party payers may conclude that our products are less safe, less effective or less economical than those existing therapies or procedures. Therefore, third-party payers may not approve our products for reimbursement. We may be required to make substantial pricing concessions in order to gain access to the formularies of large managed-care organizations. If third party payers do not approve our products for reimbursement or fail to reimburse them adequately, sales will suffer as some physicians or their patients may opt for a competing product that is approved for reimbursement or is adequately reimbursed. Even if third-party payers make reimbursement available, these payers’ reimbursement policies may adversely affect our ability and our potential marketing and distribution partners’ ability to sell our products on a profitable basis.

We are subject to significant costs and uncertainties related to compliance with the extensive regulations that govern the manufacturing, labeling, distribution, cross-border imports and promotion of pharmaceutical products as well as environmental, safety and health regulations.

Governmental authorities in the United States and Canada regulate the research and development, testing and safety of pharmaceutical products. The regulations applicable to our existing and future products may change. Regulations require extensive clinical trials and other testing and government review and final approval before we can market our products. The cost of complying with government regulation can be substantial and may exceed our available resources, causing delay or cancellation of our product introductions.

Some abbreviated application procedures for controlled-release drugs and other products, including those related to our ANDA filings, or to the ANDA filings of unrelated third parties in respect of drugs similar to or chemically related to those of our ANDA filings, are or may become the subject of petitions filed by brand-name drug manufacturers or other ANDA filers seeking changes from the FDA in the interpretation of the statutory approval requirements for particular drugs as part of their strategy to thwart or advance generic competition. We cannot predict whether the FDA will make any changes to its interpretation of the requirements applicable to our ANDA applications as a result of these petitions, or whether unforeseen delays will occur in our ANDA filings while the FDA considers such petitions or changes or otherwise, or the effect that any changes may have on us. Any such changes in FDA interpretation of the statutes or regulations, or any legislated changes in the statutes or regulations, may make it more difficult for us to file ANDAs or obtain further approval of our ANDAs and generate revenues and thus may materially harm our business and financial results.

Any failure or delay in obtaining regulatory approvals could make it so that we are unable to market any products we develop and therefore adversely affect our business, results of operations, financial condition and cash flows. Even if product candidates are approved in the United States or Canada, regulatory authorities in other countries must approve a product prior to the commencement of marketing the product in those countries. The time required to obtain any such approval may be longer than in the United States or Canada, which could cause the introduction of our products in other countries to be cancelled or materially delayed.

The manufacturing, distribution, processing, formulation, packaging, labeling, cross-border importation and advertising of our products are subject to extensive regulation by federal agencies, including the FDA, Drug Enforcement Administration, Federal Trade Commission, Consumer Product Safety Commission and Environmental Protection Agency in the United States, and Health Canada and Canada Border Services Agency in Canada, among others. We are also subject to state and local laws, regulations and agencies. Compliance with these regulations requires substantial expenditures of time, money and effort in such areas as production and quality control to ensure full technical compliance. Failure to comply with FDA and Health Canada and other governmental regulations can result in fines, disgorgement, unanticipated compliance expenditures, recall or seizure of products, total or partial suspension of production or distribution, suspension of the FDA’s or Health Canada’s review of NDAs, ANDAs or ANDSs, as the case may be, enforcement actions, injunctions and civil or criminal prosecution.

Environmental laws have changed in recent years and we may become subject to stricter environmental standards in the future and face larger capital expenditures in order to comply with environmental laws. We are subject to extensive federal, state, provincial and local environmental laws and regulations which govern the discharge, emission, storage, handling and disposal of a variety of substances that may be used in, or result from, our operations. We are also subject periodically to environmental compliance reviews by environmental, safety, and health regulatory agencies and to potential liability for the remediation of contamination associated with both present and past hazardous waste generation, handling, and disposal activities. We cannot accurately predict the outcome or timing of future expenditures that we may be required to make in order to comply with the federal, state, local and provincial environmental, safety, and health laws and regulations that are applicable to our operations and facilities.

There has been an increased public awareness of the problems associated with the potential for abuse opioid-based medications.

There has been increasing legislative attention to opioid abuse in the U.S., including passage of the 2016 Comprehensive Addiction and Recovery Act and the 21st Century Cures Act, which, among other things, strengthens state prescription drug monitoring programs and expands educational efforts for certain populations. These laws could result in fewer prescriptions being written for opioid drugs, which could impact future sales of our Oxycodone ER and related opioid product candidates.

Federal, state and local governmental agencies have increased their level of scrutiny of commercial practices of companies marketing and distributing opioid products, resulting in investigations, litigation and regulatory intervention affecting other companies. A number of counties and municipalities have filed lawsuits against pharmaceutical wholesale distributors, pharmaceutical manufacturers and retail chains related to the distribution of prescription opioid pain medications. Policy makers and regulators are seeking to reduce the impact of opioid abuse on families and communities and are focusing on policies aimed at reversing the potential for abuse. In furtherance of those efforts, the FDA has developed an action plan and has committed to enhance safety labeling, require new data, strengthen post-market requirements, update the Risk Evaluation and Mitigation Strategy (REMS) program, expand access to and encourage the development of abuse-deterrent formulations and alternative treatments, and re-examine the risk-benefit profile of opioids to consider the wider public health effects of opioids, including the risk of misuse. Several states also have passed laws and have employed other clinical and public health strategies to curb prescription drug abuse, including prescription limitations, increased physician education requirements, enhanced monitoring programs, tighter restrictions on access, and greater oversight of pain clinics. This increasing scrutiny and related governmental and private actions, even if not related to a product that we intend to manufacture and commercialize, could have an unfavorable impact on the overall market for opioid-based products such as our Oxycodone ER product candidate, or otherwise negatively affect our business.

Healthcare reform measures could hinder or prevent the commercial success of our products and product candidates.

In the United States, there have been, and we expect there will continue to be, a number of legislative and regulatory changes to the healthcare system that could affect our future revenues and potential profitability. Federal and state lawmakers regularly propose and, at times, enact legislation that results in significant changes to the healthcare system, some of which are intended to contain or reduce the costs of medical products and services. An example of this is the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act, as amended by the Health Care and Education Reconciliation Act, or, collectively, the Affordable Care Act. In addition, other legislative changes have been proposed and adopted in the U.S. since the Affordable Care Act was enacted.

Members of the U. S. Congress and the Trump administration have expressed an intent to pass legislation or adopt executive orders to fundamentally change or repeal parts of the Affordable Care Act.

The cost of prescription pharmaceuticals has also been the subject of considerable discussion in the U.S. Members of Congress and the Trump administration have indicated that they will address such costs through new legislative and administrative measures. To date, there have been several U.S. Congressional inquiries and proposed and enacted federal and state legislation designed to, among other things, bring more transparency to drug pricing, review the relationship between pricing and manufacturer patient programs, reduce the costs of drugs under Medicare and reform government program reimbursement methodologies for drug products. At the federal level, Congress and the Trump administration have each indicated that it will continue to pursue new legislative and/or administrative measures to control drug costs. The Trump administration has proposed a plan to reduce the cost of drugs. The Trump administration’s plan contains certain measures that the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services is already working to implement. For example, on October 25, 2018, CMS issued an Advanced Notice of Proposed Rulemaking (“ANPRM”), indicating it is considering issuing a proposed rule in the Spring of 2019 on a model called the International Pricing Index. This model would utilize a basket of other countries’ prices as a reference for the Medicare program to use in reimbursing for drugs covered under Part B. The ANPRM also included an updated version of the Competitive Acquisition Program, as an alternative to current “buy and bill” payment methods for Part B drugs. Such a proposed rule could limit our product pricing and have material adverse effects on our business.

Individual state legislatures in the U.S. have become increasingly aggressive in passing legislation and implementing regulations designed to control pharmaceutical and biological product pricing. Some of these measures include price or patient reimbursement constraints, discounts, restrictions on certain product access, marketing cost disclosure and transparency measures, and, in some cases, measures designed to encourage importation from other countries and bulk purchasing. In addition, regional health care authorities and individual hospitals are increasingly using bidding procedures to determine what pharmaceutical products and which suppliers will be included in their prescription drug and other health care programs. These measures could reduce the ultimate demand for our products, once approved, or put pressure on our product pricing.

We expect that additional state and federal healthcare reform measures will be adopted in the future, any of which could limit the amounts that federal and state governments will pay for healthcare products and services, and which could result in reduced demand for our products once approved or additional pricing pressures, and may adversely affect our operating results.

Our ability to market and promote our Oxycodone ER product candidate and its abuse-deterrent features will be determined by FDA-approved labeling requirements.

The commercial success of our Oxycodone ER product candidate will depend upon our ability to obtain requested FDA-approved labeling describing its abuse-deterrent features. Our failure to achieve FDA approval of requested product labeling containing such information will prevent us from advertising and promoting the abuse-deterrent features of our product candidate in a way to differentiate it from competitive products. This would make our product candidate less competitive in the market. Moreover, FDA approval is required in order to make claims that a product has an abuse-deterrent effect.

In April 2015, the FDA published final guidance with respect to the evaluation and labeling of abuse-deterrent opioids. The guidance provides direction as to the studies and data required for obtaining abuse-deterrent claims in a product label. If a product is approved by the FDA to include such claims in its label, the applicant may use the approved labeling information about the abuse-deterrent features of the product in its marketing efforts to physicians.

Although we intend to provide data to the FDA to support approval of abuse-deterrence label claims for Oxycodone ER, there can be no assurance that Oxycodone ER or any of our other product candidates will receive FDA-approved labeling that describes the abuse-deterrent features of such products. The FDA may find that our studies and data do not support our requested abuse-deterrent labeling or that our product candidate does not provide substantial abuse-deterrence benefits because, for example, its deterrence mechanisms do not address the way it is most likely to be abused. Furthermore, the FDA could change its guidance, which could require us to conduct additional studies or generate additional data. If the FDA does not approve our requested abuse-deterrent labeling, we will be limited in our ability to promote Oxycodone ER based on its abuse-deterrent features and, as a result, our business may suffer.

We may be subject to product liability claims for which we may not have or be able to obtain adequate insurance coverage.

The testing and marketing of pharmaceutical products entails an inherent risk of product liability. Liability exposures for pharmaceutical products can be extremely large and pose a material risk. In some instances, we may be or may become contractually obligated to indemnify third parties for such liability. Our business may be materially and adversely affected by a successful product liability claim or claims in excess of any insurance coverage that we may have. Further, even if claims are not successful, the costs of defending such claims and potential adverse publicity could be harmful to our business.

While we currently have, and in some cases are contractually obligated to maintain, insurance for our business, property and our products as they are administered in bioavailability/bioequivalence studies, first and third party insurance is increasingly costly and narrow in scope. Therefore, we may be unable to meet such contractual obligations or we may be required to assume more risk in the future. If we are subject to third party claims or suffer a loss or damage in excess of our insurance coverage, we may be required to bear that risk in excess of our insurance limits. Furthermore, any first or third party claims made on our insurance policy may impact our ability to obtain or maintain insurance coverage at reasonable costs or at all in the future. Any of the foregoing may have a material adverse effect on our business and financial condition.

Our products involve the use of hazardous materials and waste, and as a result we are exposed to potential liability claims and to costs associated with complying with laws regulating hazardous waste.

Our R&D activities involve the use of hazardous materials, including chemicals, and are subject to Canadian federal, provincial and local laws and regulations governing the use, manufacture, storage, handling and disposal of hazardous materials and waste products. It is possible that accidental injury or contamination from these materials may occur. In the event of an accident, we could be held liable for any damages, which could exceed our available financial resources. Further, we may not be able to maintain insurance to cover these costs on acceptable terms, or at all. In addition, we may be required to incur significant costs to comply with environmental laws and regulations in the future.

Our operations may be adversely affected by risks associated with international business.

We may be subject to certain risks that are inherent in an international business, including:

Depending on the countries involved, any or all of the foregoing factors could materially harm our business, financial condition and results of operations.

In the event we pursue growth through international operations, such growth could strain our resources, and if we are unable to manage any growth we may experience, we may not be able to successfully implement our business plan.

In connection with any geographic expansion we may pursue, international operations would involve substantial additional risks, including, among others: difficulties complying with the U.S. Foreign Corrupt Practices Act and other applicable anti-bribery laws. difficulties maintaining compliance with the various laws and regulations of multiple jurisdictions that may be applicable to our business, many of which may be unfamiliar to us. more complexity in our regulatory and accounting compliance. differing or changing obligations regarding taxes, duties or other fees. limited intellectual property protection in some jurisdictions. risks associated with currency exchange and convertibility, including vulnerability to appreciation and depreciation of foreign currencies. uncertainty related to developing legal and regulatory systems and standards for economic and business activities in some jurisdictions. trade restrictions or barriers, including tariffs or other charges and import-export regulations, changes in applicable laws or policies. the impact of and response to natural disasters. and the potential for war, civil or political unrest and economic and financial instability. The occurrence of any of these risks could limit our ability to pursue international expansion, increase our costs or expose us to fines or other legal sanctions, any of which could negatively impact our business, reputation and financial condition.

Our business could be adversely affected by the current novel coronavirus (COVID-19) outbreak.

In December 2019, a novel strain of the coronavirus was first identified in Wuhan, Hubei Province, China. Currently, this coronavirus spread to other parts of the world, including Canada as well as the United States, India and Europe from where we obtain services and supplies. As the virus has spread, we and third parties with which we contract are having to ask employees to temporarily work from home, which could adversely impact the productivity of our workforce or the workforce of third parties on which we rely for supplies and services required for our operations. The result is interruptions or delays in our business operations. The limitations on travel and interruption in global shipping may affect the transport of supplies and raw materials. Any disruption of our suppliers would likely impact our ability to conduct research and development and commercial operations, and ultimately materially adversely affect our operating results.

The extent to which the coronavirus impacts our results will depend on future developments, which are highly uncertain and cannot be predicted, including the duration of the outbreak, new information which may emerge concerning the severity of the coronavirus and the actions to contain the coronavirus or treat its impact, among others.

Risks related to our common shares

Trading on the OTC Markets is volatile and sporadic, which could depress the market price of the Company’s Common Shares and make it difficult for the Company’s shareholders to resell their shares.

The Company’s Common Shares are quoted on the OTCQB tier of the OTC Markets. Trading in stock quoted on the OTC Markets is often thin and characterized by wide fluctuations in trading prices, due to many factors, some of which may have little to do with the Company’s operations or business prospects. This volatility could depress the market price of the Company’s Common Shares for reasons unrelated to operating performance. Moreover, the OTC Markets is not a stock exchange, and trading of securities on the OTC Markets is often more sporadic than the trading of securities listed on a quotation system like Nasdaq or a stock exchange like the New York Stock Exchange. These factors may result in investors having difficulty reselling any shares of the Company’s Common Shares.

We may on occasion be unable to timely file certain periodic reports and other documents with the regulatory bodies in Canada and the United States.

We may not be able to timely file with the regulatory bodies in Canada and the United States our year-end and quarterly financial statements and management discussion and analysis, or our Annual Information Form and annual report on Form 20-F by the requisite due dates. If we are not able to file any required reports and other documents in the future in the times specified by the U.S. Exchange Act, we will continue to lose our eligibility to use Form F-3 for future capital raises, and that could impair our ability to conduct public offerings of our stock. Our inability to timely file required reports in the future could materially and adversely affect our financial condition and results of operations.

Our share price has been highly volatile and our shares could suffer a further decline in value.

The trading price of our Common Shares has been highly volatile and could continue to be subject to wide fluctuations in price in response to various factors, many of which are beyond our control, including:

In addition, the stock market in general and the market for drug development companies in particular have experienced significant price and volume fluctuations that have often been unrelated or disproportionate to the operating performance of those companies. Further, there has been significant volatility in the market prices of securities of life science companies. In the past, following periods of volatility in the market price of a company’s securities, securities class action litigation has often been instituted. Litigation of this type has been instituted against us could result in substantial costs, potential liabilities, and the diversion of management’s attention and resources.

Sales of a significant number of our Common Shares in the public markets, or the perception that such sales could occur, could depress the market price of the Common Shares.

Sales of a substantial number of our Common Shares or securities convertible or exchangeable into Common Shares in the public markets could depress the market price of the Common Shares and impair our ability to raise capital through the sale of additional equity securities. We cannot predict the effect that future sales of Common Shares would have on the market price of our Common Shares.

As of March 30, 2020, we had approximately 23,678,105 Common Shares outstanding. In order to raise additional capital, we intend to offer additional Common Shares or other securities convertible into or exchangeable for our Common Shares. In addition, a substantial portion of our Common Shares are currently freely trading without restriction under the U.S. Securities Act, having been registered for resale or held by their holders for over six months and are eligible for sale under Rule 144.

If the holders of our registered Common Shares choose to sell such shares in the public market or if holders of our convertible securities exercise or convert their securities and sell the underlying Common Shares in the public market, or if holders of currently restricted Common Shares choose to sell such shares in the public market, the prevailing market price of our Common Shares may decline. The sale of shares issued upon the exercise of our securities convertible into or exchangeable for our Common Shares could also further dilute the holdings of our then-existing shareholders. In addition, future public sales by holders of our Common Shares could impair our ability to raise capital through equity offerings.

In November 2013, we established an at-the-market equity program pursuant to which we originally could, from time to time, sell up to 530,548 of our Common Shares for up to an aggregate of $16.8 million (or such lesser amount as may then be permitted under applicable exchange rules and securities laws and regulations). We issued and sold an aggregate of 474,035 Common Shares for aggregate gross proceeds of $13,872,929 under the at-the-market program. On March 13, 2018, we terminated the continuous offering by us under the prospectus supplement dated July 18, 2017 and prospectus dated July 17, 2017 in respect of our at-the-market program. If we seek to continue to offer and sell Common Shares under our at-the-market program, we would be required to file another prospectus supplement prior to making such additional offers and sales. We are not required to sell shares under the at-the-market program. Moreover, currently we do not meet the requirements to utilize our Form F-3 (described below) to issue any further securities at-the-market equity program (or otherwise) under the Form F-3. 

On July 17, 2017, the Company’s most recent registration statement on Form F-3 (the “Shelf Registration Statement”) was declared effective by the SEC. The Shelf Registration Statement allows for, subject to securities regulatory requirements and limitations, the potential offering of up to an aggregate of US$100 million of the Company’s Common Shares, preference shares, warrants, subscription receipts, subscription rights and units, or any combination thereof, from time to time in one or more offerings, and are intended to give the Company the flexibility to take advantage of financing opportunities when, and if, market conditions are favorable to the Company. The specific terms of such future offerings, if any, would be established, subject to the approval of the Company’s board of directors (the “Board”), at the time of such offering and will be described in detail in a prospectus supplement filed at the time of any such offering. To the extent any securities of the Company are issued by the Company under the Shelf Registration Statement or the shelf prospectus, a shareholder’s percentage ownership will be diluted and our stock price could be further adversely affected. As of March 30, 2020, the Company has issued 1,246,969 Common Shares (including shares issued under the at-the-market program described above) using the Shelf Registration Statement, and there can be no assurance that any additional securities will be sold under the Shelf Registration Statement or the shelf prospectus. As noted above, currently the Company does not meet the requirements to utilize its Form F-3 to issue any further securities under the Form F-3.

On October 22, 2009, IntelliPharmaCeutics Ltd. (“IPC Ltd“) and Vasogen Inc. (“Vasogen”) completed a plan of arrangement and merger (the “IPC Arrangement Agreement”), resulting in the formation of the Company. Our shareholders who received shares under the IPC Arrangement Agreement who were not deemed “affiliates” of either Vasogen, IPC Ltd. or us prior to the IPC Arrangement Agreement were able to resell the Common Shares that they received without restriction under the U.S. Securities Act. The Common Shares received by an “affiliate” after the IPC Arrangement Agreement or who were “affiliates” of either Vasogen, IPC Ltd. or us prior to the IPC Arrangement Agreement are subject to certain restrictions on resale under Rule 144.

As of March 30, 2020, there are currently Common Shares issuable upon the exercise of outstanding options and warrants and the conversion of the outstanding Debentures for an aggregate of approximately 28,213,854 Common Shares. To the extent any of our options and warrants are exercised and the Debentures are converted, a shareholder’s percentage ownership will be diluted and our stock price could be further adversely affected. Moreover, as the underlying shares are sold, the market price could drop significantly if the holders of these restricted shares sell them or if the market perceives that the holders intend to sell these shares.

We have no history or foreseeable prospect of paying cash dividends.

We have not paid any cash dividends on our common shares and do not intend to pay cash dividends in the foreseeable future. We intend to retain future earnings, if any, for reinvestment in the development and expansion of our business. Dividend payments in the future may also be limited by loan agreements or covenants contained in other securities we may issue. Any future determination to pay cash dividends will be at the discretion of our Board and depend on our financial condition, results of operations, capital and legal requirements and such other factors as our Board deems relevant.

There may not be an active, liquid market for our Common Shares.

There is no guarantee that an active trading market for our Common Shares will be maintained on OTCQB or TSX. Investors may not be able to sell their shares quickly or at the latest market price if trading in our Common Shares is not active.

There may be future sales or other dilution of our equity, which may adversely affect the market price of our Common Shares.

The Company may, from time to time, issue additional Common Shares, including any securities that are convertible into or exchangeable for, or that represent the right to receive, Common Shares. The market price of our Common Shares could decline as a result of sales of Common Shares or securities that are convertible into or exchangeable for, or that represent the right to receive, Common Shares or the perception that such sales could occur.

Future sales of our Common Shares may cause the prevailing market price of our Common Shares to decrease.

We have registered a substantial number of outstanding Common Shares and Common Shares that are issuable upon the exercise of outstanding warrants. If the holders of our registered Common Shares choose to sell such shares in the public market or if holders of our warrants exercise their purchase rights and sell the underlying Common Shares in the public market, or if holders of currently restricted Common Shares choose to sell such shares in the public market, the prevailing market price for our Common Shares may decline. The sale of shares issued upon the exercise of our warrants (and options) could also further dilute the holdings of our then existing shareholders. In addition, future public sales by holders of our Common Shares could impair our ability to raise capital through equity offerings.

We may in the future issue preference shares which could adversely affect the rights of holders of our common shares and the value of such shares.

Our Board has the ability to authorize the issue of an unlimited number of preference shares in series, and to determine the price, rights, preferences and privileges of those shares without any further vote or action by the holders of our Common Shares. Although we have no preference shares issued and outstanding, preference shares issued in the future could adversely affect the rights and interests of holders of our Common Shares.

Our Common Shares may not continue to be listed on the TSX.

Failure to maintain the applicable continued listing requirements of the TSX could result in our Common Shares being delisted from the TSX. The TSX will normally consider the delisting of securities if, in the opinion of the exchange, it appears that the public distribution, price, or trading activity of the securities has been so reduced as to make further dealings in the securities on TSX unwarranted. For example, participating securities may be delisted from the TSX if, among other things, the market value of an issuer’s securities that are listed on the TSX is less than C$3,000,000 over any period of 30 consecutive trading days. In such circumstances, the TSX may notify an issuer that it is under delisting review and the issuer will normally be given up to 120 days from the date of such notification to correct the fall in market value and such other deficiencies noted by the TSX. At any time prior to the end of the delisting review period, the TSX will provide the issuer with an opportunity to be heard where the issuer may present submissions to satisfy the TSX that all deficiencies identified in the TSX’s notice have been rectified. If at the conclusion of the hearing the issuer cannot satisfy the TSX that the deficiencies identified have been rectified and that no other delisting criteria are then applicable to the issuer, the TSX will determine whether to delist the issuer’s securities.

If the market price of our Common Shares declines further or we are unable to maintain other listing requirements, the TSX may determine to delist our Common Shares. If our Common Shares are no longer listed on the TSX, they may be eligible for listing on the TSX Venture Exchange. In the event that we are not able to maintain a listing for our Common Shares on the TSX or the TSX Venture Exchange, it may be extremely difficult or impossible for shareholders to sell their Common Shares in Canada. Moreover, if we are delisted from the TSX, but obtain a substitute listing for our Common Shares on the TSX Venture Exchange, our Common Shares will likely have less liquidity and more price volatility than experienced on the TSX.

Shareholders may not be able to sell their Common Shares on any such substitute exchange in the quantities, at the times, or at the prices that could potentially be available on a more liquid trading market. As a result of these factors, if our Common Shares are delisted from the TSX, the price of our Common Shares is likely to decline.

Our Common Shares are currently a “penny stock” under SEC rules. It may be more difficult to resell shares of Common Shares classified as “penny stock.”

Our Common Shares are a “penny stock” under applicable SEC rules. Transactions in securities that are traded in the United States by companies with net tangible assets of $5,000,000 or less and a market price per share of less than $5.00 that are not traded on Nasdaq or on other securities exchanges may be subject to the “penny stock” rules promulgated under the U.S. Exchange Act. Under these rules, broker-dealers who recommend such securities to persons other than institutional investors must:

As long as our stock price remains below $5.00 per share, our shareholders will face restrictions in using our shares as collateral for margin accounts.

The closing price of our Common Shares on the OTCQB on March 27, 2020 was $0.11 per share. If the market price of our Common Shares remains below $5.00 per share, under Federal Reserve regulations and account maintenance rules of many brokerages, our shareholders will face restrictions in using such shares as collateral for borrowing in margin accounts. These restrictions on the use of our Common Shares as collateral may lead to sales of such shares creating downward pressure on and increased volatility in, the market price of our Common Shares. In addition, many institutional investors will not invest in stocks whose prices are below $5.00 per share.

Our shareholders may face significant restrictions on the resale of our Common Shares due to state “Blue Sky” laws.

Each state has its own securities laws, often called “blue sky” laws, which (i) limit sales of securities to a state’s residents unless the securities are registered in that state or qualify for an exemption from registration, and (ii) govern the reporting requirements for broker-dealers doing business directly or indirectly in the state. Before a security is sold in a state, there must be a registration in place to cover the transaction, or the transaction must be exempt from registration. The applicable broker must be registered in that state.

Absent compliance with such individual state laws, our Common Shares may not be traded in such jurisdictions. Because the securities have not been registered for resale under the Blue Sky laws of any state, the holders of such shares and persons who desire to purchase them in any trading market that might develop in the future, should be aware that there may be significant state Blue Sky law restrictions upon the ability of investors to sell the securities and of purchasers to purchase the securities. Accordingly, investors may not be able to liquidate their investments and should be prepared to hold our Common Shares for an indefinite period of time. You should therefore consider the resale market for our Common Shares to be limited, as you may be unable to resell your shares without the significant expense of state registration or qualification.

As a foreign private issuer in the United States, we are subject to different U.S. securities laws and rules than a domestic U.S. issuer.

As a foreign private issuer under U.S. securities laws we are not required to comply with all the periodic disclosure requirements of the U.S. Exchange Act applicable to domestic United States companies and therefore the publicly available information about us may be different or more limited than if we were a United States domestic issuer. In addition, our officers, directors, and principal shareholders are exempt from the “real time” reporting and “short swing” profit recovery provisions of Section 16 of the U.S. Exchange Act and the rules thereunder. Although under Canadian rules, our officers, directors and principal shareholders are generally required to file on SEDI (www.sedi.ca) reports of transactions involving our Common Shares within five calendar days of such transaction, our shareholders may not know when our officers, directors and principal shareholders purchase or sell our Common Shares as timely as they would if we were a United States domestic issuer.

We are exposed to risks if we are unable to comply with laws and future changes to laws affecting public companies, including the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 (“SOX”), and also to increased costs associated with complying with such laws.

Any future changes to the laws and regulations affecting public companies, as well as compliance with existing provisions of SOX in the United States and applicable Canadian securities laws, regulations, rules and policies, may cause us to incur increased costs to comply with such laws and requirements, including, among others, hiring additional personnel and increased legal, accounting and advisory fees. Delays, or a failure to comply with applicable laws, rules and regulations could result in enforcement actions, the assessment of other penalties and civil suits. The new laws and regulations may increase potential costs to be borne under indemnities provided by us to our officers and directors and may make it more difficult to obtain certain types of insurance, including liability insurance for directors and officers; as such, we may be forced to accept reduced policy limits and coverage or incur substantially higher costs to obtain the same or similar coverage. The impact of these events could also make it more difficult to attract and retain qualified persons to serve on our Board, or as executive officers.

We are required annually to review and report on the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting in accordance with SOX Section 404 and Multilateral Instrument 52-109 – Certification of Disclosure in Issuer’s Annual and Interim Filings of the Canadian Securities Administrators. The results of this review are reported in our Annual Report on Form 20-F and in our Management Discussion and Analysis.

Management’s review is designed to provide reasonable, not absolute, assurance that all material weaknesses in our internal controls are identified. Material weaknesses represent deficiencies in our internal controls that may not prevent or detect a misstatement occurring which could have a material adverse effect on our quarterly or annual financial statements. In addition, there can be no assurance that any remedial actions we take to address any material weaknesses identified will be successful, nor can there be any assurance that further material weaknesses will not be identified in future years. Material errors, omissions or misrepresentations in our disclosures that occur as a result of our failure to maintain effective internal control over financial reporting could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations, and the value of our Common Shares.

We may be classified as a “passive foreign investment company” (“PFIC”), for U.S. income tax purposes, which could have significant and adverse tax consequences to U.S. investors.

The possible classification of our Company as a passive foreign investment company, or PFIC, for U.S. federal income tax purposes could have significant and adverse tax consequences for U.S. Holders (as defined below) with respect to the sale or other disposition of our Common Shares acquired through the exercise of certain warrants. It may be possible for U.S. Holders of Common Shares to mitigate certain of these consequences by making an election (a so-called “QEF Election”) to treat us as a “qualified electing fund” or “QEF” under Section 1295 of the Internal Revenue Code (the “Code”); or a mark-to-market election under Section 1296 of the Code. A non-U.S. corporation generally will be a PFIC if, for a taxable year (a) 75% or more of the gross income of such corporation for such taxable year consists of specified types of passive income or (b) on average, 50% or more of the assets held by such corporation either produce passive income or are held for the production of passive income, based on the fair market value of such assets or on the adjusted tax basis of such assets, if such non-U.S. corporation is not publicly traded and either is a “controlled foreign corporation” under Section 957(a) of the Code, or makes an election to determine whether it is a PFIC based on the adjusted basis of the assets.

The determination of whether we are, or will be, a PFIC for a taxable year depends, in part, on the application of complex U.S. federal income tax rules, which are subject to various interpretations. We believe that there is a substantial basis for concluding that we were not a PFIC during our 2019 taxable year and will not likely be a PFIC during our 2020 taxable year, although that conclusion is not free from doubt. Because PFIC status is based on our income, assets and activities for the entire taxable year, and our market capitalization, it is not possible to determine whether we will be characterized as a PFIC for the 2020 taxable year until after the close of the taxable year. The tests for determining PFIC status are subject to a number of uncertainties. These tests are applied annually, and it is difficult to accurately predict future income, assets and activities relevant to this determination. In addition, because the market price of our Common Shares is likely to fluctuate, the market price may affect the determination of whether we will be considered a PFIC. There can be no assurance that we will not be considered a PFIC for any taxable year (including our 2020 taxable year). Absent one of the elections described above, if we are a PFIC for any taxable year during which a U.S. Holder holds our Common Shares, we generally will continue to be treated as a PFIC regardless of whether we cease to meet the PFIC tests in one or more subsequent years. Accordingly, no assurance can be given that we will not constitute a PFIC in the current (or any future) tax year or that the Internal Revenue Service (the “IRS”) will not challenge any determination made by us concerning our PFIC status.

If we are a PFIC, the U.S. federal income tax consequences to a U.S. Holder of the ownership and disposition of our Common Shares will depend to some extent on whether such U.S. Holder makes a QEF or mark-to-market election after acquisition of such shares through the exercise of warrants. Unless otherwise provided by the IRS, a U.S. holder of our Common Shares is generally required to file an informational return annually to report its ownership interest in the Company during any year in which we are a PFIC.

The foregoing only speaks to the United States federal income tax considerations as to the Code in effect on the date of this annual report.

The foregoing does not purport to be a complete enumeration or explanation of the tax risks involved in an investment in our company. Prospective investors should read this entire annual report and consult with their own legal, tax and financial advisors before deciding to invest in our company.

It may be difficult to obtain and enforce judgments against us because of our Canadian residency.

We are governed by the laws of Canada. All of our directors and officers are residents of Canada and all or a substantial portion of our assets and the assets of such persons may be located outside of the United States. As a result, it may be difficult for shareholders to effect service of process upon us or such persons within the United States or to realize in the United States on judgments of courts of the United States predicated upon the civil liability provisions of the U.S. federal securities laws or other laws of the United States. In addition, there is doubt as to the enforceability in Canada of liabilities predicated solely upon U.S. federal securities law against us, our directors, controlling persons and officers who are not residents of the United States, in original actions or in actions for enforcements of judgments of U.S. courts.

Other Risks

There are other unidentified risks.

The risks set forth above are not a complete list of the risks facing purchasers of our securities.  We acknowledge that there may exist significant risks yet to be recognized or encountered to which we may not be able to effectively respond.  There can be no assurance that we will succeed in addressing these risks or future potential risks, and any failure to do so could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

The Company, Intellipharmaceutics International Inc., was incorporated under the Canada Business Corporations Act (the “CBCA”) by certificate and articles of arrangement dated October 22, 2009.

Our registered principal office is located at 30 Worcester Road, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M9W 5X2. Our telephone number is (416) 798-3001 and our facsimile number is (416) 798-3007.

Our agent for service in the United States is Corporation Service Company at 1090 Vermont Avenue N.W., Washington, D.C. 20005.

On October 19, 2009, the shareholders of IPC Ltd. and Vasogen approved the IPC Arrangement Agreement that resulted in the October 22, 2009 court-approved merger of IPC Ltd. and another U.S. subsidiary of Intellipharmaceutics Inc., coincident with an arrangement pursuant to which a predecessor of the Company combined with 7231971 Canada Inc., a new Vasogen company that acquired substantially all of the assets and certain liabilities of Vasogen, including the proceeds from its non-dilutive financing transaction with Cervus LP (the “IPC Arrangement Transaction”). The completion of the IPC Arrangement Transaction on October 22, 2009 resulted in the formation of the Company, which is incorporated under the laws of Canada and governed by the CBCA. The Common Shares of the Company are traded on the TSX and OTCQB.

For the years ended November 30, 2019, 2018 and 2017, we spent a total of $6,608,794, $10,827,293, and $9,271,353, respectively, on research and development. Over the past three fiscal years and up to March 30, 2020, we have raised approximately $26,936,546 in gross proceeds from the issuance of equity and convertible debt securities. Our Common Shares are listed on the TSX and on OTCQB under the symbol “IPCI” and “IPCIF” respectively.

During the last and current financial year, we have not been aware of any indications of public takeover offers by third parties in respect of the Company’s shares or by the Company in respect of other companies’ shares.

For additional information on key events, see Item 4.B below.

For information on the availability of, and access to, information regarding the Company filed with the SEC or presented on the Company’s website, see Item 10.H. below.

Corporate Developments

There can be no assurance that our products, including any of the products licensed to Tris Pharma, will be successfully commercialized or produce significant revenues for us. Also, there can be no assurance that we will not be required to conduct further studies for our Oxycodone ER product candidate, that the FDA will approve any of our requested abuse-deterrence label claims or that the FDA will ultimately approve the NDA for the sale of our Oxycodone ER product candidate in the U.S. market that we will be successful in submitting any additional ANDAs or NDAs with the FDA or ANDSs with Health Canada, that the FDA or Health Canada will approve any of our current or future product candidates for sale in the U.S. market and Canadian market, that any of our products or product candidates will receive regulatory approval for sale in other jurisdictions (including the Philippines, Malaysia and Vietnam) that our desvenlafaxine extended-release will receive final FDA approval, or that any of our products will ever be successfully commercialized and produce significant revenue for us, or that the litigation cases against us can be resolved in our favor. Moreover, there can be no assurance that any cannabidiol-based product candidates we develop will ever be successfully commercialized or produce significant revenue for us. Furthermore, there can be no assurance if or when the now-vacated dates in the Purdue litigation will be reinstated. There can also be no assurance that any of our provisional patent applications will successfully mature into patents.

Nasdaq Delisting and OTCQB Quotation

In March 2019, we received formal notice that the Nasdaq Panel had determined to delist our shares from Nasdaq based upon our non-compliance with the $1.00 bid price requirement, as set forth in Nasdaq Listing Rule 5550(a)(2). The suspension of trading on Nasdaq took effect at the open of business on March 21, 2019. Our shares began trading on the OTCQB under the symbol “IPCIF”, commencing on March 21, 2019. Our shares also are listed on the TSX under the symbol “IPCI” and our non-compliance with Nasdaq's requirements did not impact our listing or trading status on that exchange.

Our Company

On October 22, 2009, Intellipharmaceutics Ltd. and Vasogen Inc. completed the IPC Arrangement Transaction, a court-approved plan of arrangement and merger resulting in the formation of the Company, which is incorporated under the laws of Canada and the Common Shares of which are currently traded on the TSX and OTCQB.

We are a pharmaceutical company specializing in the research, development and manufacture of novel and generic controlled-release and targeted-release oral solid dosage drugs. Our patented Hypermatrix™ technology is a multidimensional controlled-release drug delivery platform that can be applied to the efficient development of a wide range of existing and new pharmaceuticals. Based on this technology platform, we have developed several drug delivery systems and a pipeline of products (some of which have received FDA approval) and product candidates in various stages of development, including ANDAs filed with the FDA (and one ANDS filed with Health Canada) and one NDA filing, in therapeutic areas that include neurology, cardiovascular, gastrointestinal tract (“GIT”), diabetes and pain.

In November 2005, we entered into a license and commercialization agreement with Par (as amended on August 12, 2011 and September 24, 2013, the “Par agreement”), pursuant to which we granted Par an exclusive, royalty-free license to make and distribute in the U.S. all strengths of our generic Focalin XR® (dexmethylphenidate hydrochloride extended-release) capsules for a period of 10 years from the date of commercial launch (which was November 19, 2013). Under the Par agreement, we made a filing with the FDA for approval to market generic Focalin XR® capsules in various strengths in the U.S. (the “Company ANDA”), and are the owner of that Company ANDA, as approved in part by the FDA. We retain the right to make and distribute all strengths of the generic product outside of the U.S. Calendar quarterly profit-sharing payments for its U.S. sales under the Company ANDA are payable by Par to us as calculated pursuant to the Par agreement. Within the purview of the Par agreement, Par also applied for and owns an ANDA pertaining to all marketed strengths of generic Focalin XR® (the “Par ANDA”), and is now approved by the FDA, to market generic Focalin XR® capsules in all marketed strengths in the U.S. As with the Company ANDA, calendar quarterly profit-sharing payments are payable by Par to us for its U.S. sales of generic Focalin XR® under the Par ANDA as calculated pursuant to the Par agreement.

We received final approval from the FDA in November 2013 under the Company ANDA to launch the 15 and 30 mg strengths of our generic Focalin XR® capsules. Commercial sales of these strengths were launched immediately by our commercialization partner in the U.S., Par.

In January 2017, Par launched the 25 and 35 mg strengths of its generic Focalin XR® capsules in the U.S., and in May 2017, Par launched the 10 and 20 mg strengths, complementing the 15 and 30 mg strengths of our generic Focalin XR® marketed by Par. The FDA granted final approval under the Par ANDA for its generic Focalin XR® capsules in the 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35 and 40 mg strengths, and subsequently Par launched the remaining 5 and 40 mg strengths. Under the Par agreement, we receive quarterly profit share payments on Par’s U.S. sales of generic Focalin XR®. Revenues from sales of the generic Focalin XR® capsules continue to be impacted by ongoing competitive pressures in the generic market. There can be no assurance whether revenues from this product will improve going forward. We depend significantly on the actions of our marketing partner Par in the prosecution, regulatory approval and commercialization of our generic Focalin XR® capsules and on its timely payment to us of the contracted calendar quarterly payments as they come due.

In October 2016, we announced we had entered into the Mallinckrodt agreement, a license and commercial supply agreement, granting Mallinckrodt an exclusive license to market, sell and distribute in the U.S. the following extended release drug products:

■ Quetiapine fumarate extended-release tablets (generic Seroquel XR®) – Approved and launched

■ Desvenlafaxine extended-release tablets (generic Pristiq®) – ANDA Approved

■ Lamotrigine extended-release tablets (generic Lamictal® XR™) – ANDA under FDA Review

We agreed to manufacture and supply these licensed products exclusively for Mallinckrodt on a cost-plus basis. The Mallinckrodt agreement contained customary terms and conditions for an agreement of this kind and was subject to early termination in the event we did not obtain FDA approvals of the Mallinckrodt licensed products by specified dates, or pursuant to any one of several termination rights of each party.

In May 2017, we received final approval from the FDA for our ANDA for quetiapine fumarate extended-release tablets in the 50, 150, 200, 300 and 400 mg strengths. Our approved product is a generic equivalent for the corresponding strengths of the branded product Seroquel XR® sold in the U.S. by AstraZeneca Pharmaceuticals LP (“AstraZeneca”). Pursuant to a settlement agreement between us and AstraZeneca dated July 30, 2012, we were permitted to launch our generic versions of the 50, 150, 200, 300 and 400 mg strengths of generic Seroquel XR®, on November 1, 2016, subject to FDA final approval of our ANDA for those strengths. The Company manufactured and shipped commercial quantities of all strengths of generic Seroquel XR® to Mallinckrodt, our then marketing and distribution partner, and Mallinckrodt launched all strengths in June 2017; however, the arrangement did not generate significant revenue. On April 12, 2019, we and Mallinckrodt mutually agreed to terminate the Mallinckrodt agreement. Effective August 12, 2019, the Mallinckrodt agreement was terminated.

On August 15, 2019, we announced a license and commercial supply agreement with Tris Pharma, granting Tris Pharma the exclusive license to market, sell and distribute in the United States Quetiapine fumarate extended release tablets in the 50, 150, 200, 300 and 400 mg strengths.

In May 2019, we received approval from the FDA for our ANDA for desvenlafaxine extended-release tablets in the 50 and 100 mg strengths. This product is a generic equivalent of the branded product Pristiq® sold in the U.S. by Wyeth Pharmaceuticals, LLC.

On September 5, 2019, we announced an agreement with Tris Pharma, granting Tris Pharma an exclusive license to market, sell and distribute in the United States Desvenlafaxine extended-release tablets in the 50 and 100 mg strengths.

In November 2018, we received final approval from the FDA for our ANDA for venlafaxine hydrochloride extended-release capsules in the 37.5, 75 and 150 mg strengths. The approved product is a generic equivalent of the branded product Effexor XR® sold in the U.S. by Wyeth Pharmaceuticals, LLC. On November 25, 2019, we announced that we had entered into a license and commercial supply agreement with Tris Pharma, by which we granted Tris Pharma an exclusive license to market, sell and distribute in the United States, Venlafaxine ER in the 37.5, 75, and 150 mg strengths.

All three licensing agreements with Tris Pharma have an initial term of five years and include two-year renewal periods until terminated, and all provide for a share of net profits to us. The rights granted include a license to intellectual property necessary to distribute the licensed products in the US market. We will maintain all ownership of the licensed products and responsibility to manufacture the licensed products and supply exclusively to Tris Pharma on a cost-plus basis. The Tris Pharma agreements contain customary terms and conditions for agreements of this kind. There can be no assurance that any of the products licensed to Tris Pharma will be successfully commercialized and produce significant revenue for us.

In February 2017, we received final approval from the FDA for our ANDA for metformin hydrochloride extended release tablets in the 500 and 750 mg strengths, a generic equivalent for the corresponding strengths of the branded product Glucophage® XR sold in the U.S. by Bristol-Myers Squibb. The Company is aware that several other generic versions of this product are currently available that serve to limit the overall market opportunity for this product. We have been continuing to evaluate options to realize commercial returns on this product, particularly in international markets. In November 2018, we announced that we entered into two exclusive licensing and distribution agreements with pharmaceutical distributors in Vietnam and the Philippines pursuant to which the distributors were granted the exclusive right, subject to regulatory approval, to import and market our generic Glucophage® XR in Vietnam and the Philippines, respectively. There can be no assurance as to when and if such product will receive regulatory approval for the sale in Vietnam or the Philippines. Moreover, there can be no assurance that our metformin hydrochloride extended release tablets in the 500 and 750 mg strengths will be successfully commercialized and produce significant revenues for us.

In February 2016, we received final approval from the FDA of our ANDA for generic Keppra XR® (levetiracetam extended-release) tablets for the 500 and 750 mg strengths. Our generic Keppra XR® is a generic equivalent for the corresponding strengths of the branded product Keppra XR® sold in the U.S. by UCB, Inc., and is indicated for use in the treatment of partial onset seizures associated with epilepsy. We are aware that several other generic versions of this product are currently available that serve to limit the overall market opportunity. We have been actively exploring the best approach to maximize our commercial returns from this approval and have been looking at several international markets where, despite lower volumes, product margins are typically higher than in the U.S. In November 2018, we announced that we entered into two exclusive licensing and distribution agreements with pharmaceutical distributors in Vietnam and the Philippines pursuant to which the distributors were granted the exclusive right, subject to regulatory approval, to import and market our generic Keppra XR® in Vietnam and the Philippines, respectively. There can be no assurance as to when and if such product will receive regulatory approval for the sale in Vietnam or the Philippines. Moreover, there can be no assurance that our generic Keppra XR® for the 500 and 750 mg strengths will be successfully commercialized and produce significant revenues for us.

On September 30, 2019, pursuant to the Levetiracetam ANDA Agreement, we sold the Transferred Levetiracetam ANDA to the Levetiracetam ANDA Purchaser in exchange for a purchase price of $1. Additionally, pursuant to the Levetiracetam ANDA Agreement, we agreed to pay the Levetiracetam ANDA Purchaser an annual fee for each fiscal year equal to 50% of the difference for the FDA Program Fee for 6 to 19 approved ANDAs and the FDA Program Fee for 1 to 5 approved ANDAs. Under the Levetiracetam ANDA Agreement, we have the option to repurchase the Transferred Levetiracetam ANDA for a purchase price of $1 at any time.

Our goal is to leverage our proprietary technologies and know-how in order to build a diversified portfolio of revenue generating commercial products. We intend to do this by advancing our products from the formulation stage through product development, regulatory approval and manufacturing. We believe that full integration of development and manufacturing will help maximize the value of our drug delivery technologies, products and product candidates. We also believe that out-licensing sales and marketing to established organizations, when it makes economic sense, will improve our return from our products while allowing us to focus on our core competencies. We expect our expenditures for the purchase of production, laboratory and computer equipment and the expansion of manufacturing and warehousing capability to be higher as we prepare for the commercialization of ANDAs, one NDA and one ANDS that are pending FDA and Health Canada approval, respectively.

Our Strategy

Our Hypermatrix™ technologies are central to the development and manufacture of novel and generic controlled-release and targeted-release oral solid dosage drugs. The Hypermatrix™ technologies are a multidimensional controlled-release drug delivery platform that we believe can be applied to the efficient development of a wide range of existing and new pharmaceuticals. We believe that the flexibility of these technologies allows us to develop complex drug delivery solutions within an industry-competitive timeframe. Based on this technology platform, we have developed several drug delivery systems and a pipeline of products (some of which have received FDA approval) and product candidates in various stages of development, including ANDAs filed with the FDA (and one ANDS filed with Health Canada) and one NDA filing, in therapeutic areas that include neurology, cardiovascular, GIT, diabetes and pain. We expect that certain, but not all, of the products in our pipeline may be developed from time to time for third parties pursuant to drug development agreements with those third parties, under which our commercialization partner may pay certain of the expenses of development, make certain milestone payments to us and receive a share of revenues or profits if the drug is developed successfully to completion, the control of which would generally be in the discretion of our drug development partner.

The principal focus of our development activities previously targeted difficult-to-develop controlled-release generic drugs which follow an ANDA regulatory path. Our current development effort is increasingly directed towards improved difficult-to-develop controlled-release drugs which follow an NDA 505(b)(2) regulatory pathway. We have increased our R&D emphasis towards specialty new product development, facilitated by the 505(b)(2) regulatory pathway, by advancing the product development program for Oxycodone ER and commencing other projects in our 505(b)(2) pipeline. In January 2019, we announced that we had commenced an R&D program of pharmaceutical CBD-based products. As part of this R&D program, we filed provisional patent applications with the United States Patent and Trademark Office pertaining to the delivery and application of cannabinoid-based therapeutics. We are still exploring collaboration with potential commercialization partners in the cannabidiol industry, and had identified a potential supplier of CBD. There can be no assurance that any of our provisional patent applications will successfully mature into patents. We currently hold a Health Canada CDL. Under the CDL, we are currently authorized to possess, produce, sell and deliver drug products containing CBD in Canada. Prior to obtaining the CDL, we were authorized to possess, produce, sell and deliver drug products containing various controlled substances, including CBD, in Canada based on our dealer's license under the NCR. We have also identified several additional 505(b)(2) product candidates for development in various indication areas including cardiovascular, dermatology, pulmonary disease and oncology. The technology that is central to our abuse deterrent formulation of our Oxycodone ER is the nPODDDS™, or novel Point of Divergence Drug Delivery System. nPODDDS™ is designed to provide for certain unique drug delivery features in a product. These include the release of the active substance to show a divergence in a dissolution and/or bioavailability profile. The divergence represents a point or a segment in a release timeline where the release rate, represented by the slope of the curve, changes from an initial rate or set of rates to another rate or set of rates, the former representing the usually higher rate of release shortly after ingesting a dose of the drug, and the latter representing the rate of release over a later and longer period of time, being more in the nature of a controlled-release or sustained action. It is applicable for the delivery of opioid analgesics in which it is desired to discourage common methods of tampering associated with misuse and abuse of a drug, and also dose dumping in the presence of alcohol. It can potentially retard tampering without interfering with the bioavailability of the product.

In addition, our PODRAS™, or Paradoxical OverDose Resistance Activating System, delivery technology was initially introduced to enhance our Oxycodone ER (abuse deterrent oxycodone hydrochloride extended release tablets) product candidate. The PODRAS™ delivery technology platform was designed to prevent an overdose when more pills than prescribed are swallowed intact. Preclinical studies of prototypes of oxycodone with PODRAS™ technology suggest that, unlike other third-party abuse-deterrent oxycodone products in the marketplace, if more tablets than prescribed are deliberately or inadvertently swallowed, the amount of drug active ingredient (“drug active”) released over 24 hours may be substantially less than expected. However, if the prescribed number of pills is swallowed, the drug release should be as expected. Certain aspects of our PODRAS™ technology are covered by U.S. Patent Nos. 9,522,119, 9,700,515, 9,700,516 and 9,801,939 and Canadian Patent No. 2,910,865 issued by the U.S. Patent and Trademark Office and the

 

 

Canadian Intellectual Property Office in respect of “Compositions and Methods for Reducing Overdose” in December 2016, July 2017 and October 2017, respectively. The issuance of these patents provides us with the opportunity to accelerate our PODRAS™ development plan by pursuing proof of concept studies in humans. We intend to incorporate this technology in future product candidates, including Oxycodone ER and other similar pain products, as well as pursuing out-licensing opportunities. The Company is working on the development of an Oxycodone immediate-release (IR) product incorporating this technology.

The NDA 505(b)(2) pathway (which relies in part upon the FDA’s findings for a previously approved drug) both accelerates development timelines and reduces costs in comparison to NDAs for new chemical entities. An advantage of our strategy for development of NDA 505(b)(2) drugs is that our product candidates can, if approved for sale by the FDA, potentially enjoy an exclusivity period which may provide for greater commercial opportunity relative to the generic ANDA route.

The market we operate in is created by the expiration of drug product patents, challengeable patents and drug product exclusivity periods. There are three ways that we employ our controlled-release technologies, which we believe represent substantial opportunities for us to commercialize on our own or develop products or out-license our technologies and products:

We intend to collaborate in the development and/or marketing of one or more products with partners, when we believe that such collaboration may enhance the outcome of the project. We also plan to seek additional collaborations as a means of developing additional products. We believe that our business strategy enables us to reduce our risk by (a) having a diverse product portfolio that includes both branded and generic products in various therapeutic categories, and (b) building collaborations and establishing licensing agreements with companies with greater resources thereby allowing us to share costs of development and to improve cash-flow. There can be no assurance that we will be able to enter into additional collaborations or, if we do, that such arrangements will be commercially viable or beneficial.

Our Drug Delivery Technologies

Hypermatrix™

Our scientists have developed drug delivery technology systems, based on the Hypermatrix™ platform, that facilitate controlled-release delivery of a wide range of pharmaceuticals. These systems include several core technologies, which enable us to flexibly respond to a wide range of drug attributes and patient requirements, producing a desired controlled-release effect. Our technologies have been incorporated in drugs manufactured and sold by major pharmaceutical companies.

This group of drug delivery technology systems is based upon the drug active being imbedded in, and an integral part of, a homogeneous (uniform), core and/or coatings consisting of one or more polymers which affect the release rates of drugs, other excipients (compounds other than the drug active), such as for instance lubricants which control handling properties of the matrix during fabrication, and the drug active itself. The Hypermatrix™ technologies are the core of our current marketing efforts and the technologies underlying our existing development agreements.

nPODDDS™

In addition to continuing efforts with Hypermatrix™ as a core technology, our scientists continue to pursue novel research activities that address unmet needs. Oxycodone ER (abuse deterrent oxycodone hydrochloride extended release tablets) is an NDA candidate, with a unique long acting oral formulation of oxycodone intended to treat moderate-to-severe pain. The formulation is intended to present a significant barrier to tampering when subjected to various forms of physical and chemical manipulation commonly used by abusers. It is also designed to prevent dose dumping when inadvertently co-administered with alcohol. The technology that supports our abuse deterrent formulation of oxycodone is the nPODDDS™ Point of Divergence Drug Delivery System. The use of nPODDDS™ does not interfere with the bioavailability of oxycodone. We intend to apply the nPODDDS™ technology platforms to other extended release opioid drug candidates (e.g., oxymorphone, hydrocodone, hydromorphone and morphine) utilizing the 505(b)(2) regulatory pathway.

PODRAS™

Our Paradoxical OverDose Resistance Activating System (PODRAS™) delivery technology is designed to prevent overdose when more pills than prescribed are swallowed intact. Preclinical studies of prototypes of oxycodone with PODRAS™ technology suggest that, unlike other third-party abuse-deterrent oxycodone products in the marketplace, if more tablets than prescribed are deliberately or inadvertently swallowed, the amount of drug active released over 24 hours may be substantially less than expected. However, if the prescribed number of pills is swallowed, the drug release should be as expected. We are currently working on an alternate Oxycodone ER product candidate incorporating our PODRAS™ delivery technology. In April 2015, the FDA published Guidance for Industry: Abuse-Deterrent Opioids — Evaluation and Labeling, which cited the need for more efficacious abuse-deterrence technology. In this Guidance, the FDA stated, “opioid products are often manipulated for purposes of abuse by different routes of administration or to defeat extended-release properties, most abuse-deterrent technologies developed to date are intended to make manipulation more difficult or to make abuse of the manipulated product less attractive or less rewarding. It should be noted that these technologies have not yet proven successful at deterring the most common form of abuse—swallowing a number of intact capsules or tablets to achieve a feeling of euphoria.” The FDA reviewed our request for Fast Track designation for our abuse deterrent Oxycodone ER development program incorporating PODRAS™, and in May 2015 notified us that the FDA had concluded that we met the criteria for Fast Track designation. Fast Track is a designation assigned by the FDA in response to an applicant’s request which meets FDA criteria. The designation mandates the FDA to facilitate the development and expedite the review of drugs intended to treat serious or life threatening conditions and that demonstrate the potential to address unmet medical needs.

In December 2016, July 2017 and October 2017, U.S. Patent Nos. 9,522,119, 9,700,515, 9,700,516 and 9,801,939 and Canadian Patent No. 2,910,865 were issued by the U.S. Patent and Trademark Office and the Canadian Intellectual Property Office in respect of “Compositions and Methods for Reducing Overdose”. The issued patents cover aspects of the PODRAS™ delivery technology. The issuance of these patents represents a significant advance in our abuse deterrence technology platform. The PODRAS™ platform has the potential to positively differentiate our technology from others of which we are aware, and may represent an important step toward addressing the FDA’s concern over the ingestion of a number of intact pills or tablets. In addition to its use with opioids, the PODRASTM platform is potentially applicable to a wide range of drug products, inclusive of over-the-counter drugs, that are intentionally or inadvertently abused and cause harm by overdose to those who ingest them. We intend to apply the PODRAS™ technology platforms to other extended release opioid drug candidates (e.g., oxymorphone, hydrocodone, hydromorphone and morphine) utilizing the 505(b)(2) regulatory pathway.

The Hypermatrix™ Family of Technologies

Our platform of Hypermatrix™ drug delivery technologies include, but are not limited to, IntelliFoam™, IntelliGITransporter™, IntelliMatrix™, IntelliOsmotics™, IntelliPaste™, IntelliPellets™, IntelliShuttle™, nPODDDS™ and PODRAS™. Some of their key attributes are described below.

These technologies provide a broad range of release profiles, taking into account the physical and chemical characteristics of a drug product, the therapeutic use of the particular drug, and the optimal site for release of the API in the GIT. At present those technologies have been applied in the laboratory and/or in bioavailability/bioequivalence studies in man to such orally administered small molecule drugs as are used in the treatment of neurological, cardiovascular, GIT, diabetes, pain and other significant indications.

IntelliFoam™

The IntelliFoam™ technology is based on the drug active being embedded in, but separate from a syntactic foam substrate, the properties of which are used to modulate the release of the drug active. The drug actives are embedded in a resin polymer matrix.

IntelliGITransporter™

The IntelliGITransporter™ technology consists of an active drug immobilized in a homogeneous (uniform) matrix structure. A precise choice of mix ratios, polymers, and other ingredients imparts characteristics which protect the drug composition from mechanical degradation due to digestion, and/or from chemical degradation in the acidic stomach environment, and ensures that this technology allows control of release as well as releasing the medication at certain parts of the stomach or intestines without significant food effects or unintentional premature release of the entire drug dose. We believe that this technology is most useful for drug molecules with characteristics such as very low or very high potency, opiate analgesics (pain medications derived from the chemical compounds found in opium), or susceptibility to acid degradation. It is also useful for products where a zero-order (constant rate over time, independent of the amount of drug available for dissolution) release profile is desirable.

IntelliMatrix™

The IntelliMatrix™ technology is a proprietary blend of several polymers. Depending on the constituents of the blend and the manner in which these interact, the use of the blend with a drug allows the drug to be released at predetermined rates, while imparting protective characteristics to both the drug and the GIT. This is most useful for drugs which require precisely controlled first-order release profiles, where the amount released with time is dependent on one component like the amount of drug available for dissolution.

IntelliOsmotics™

The IntelliOsmotics™ technology is based upon the inclusion of multiple populations of polymers with distinct chemical bonding characteristics. These set up a complex matrix of hydrophilic (water attracting) and hydrophobic (water repelling) domains. When the tablet or bead is in an aqueous environment, like gastric contents, a “mixture” of water-soluble polymer and drug core is surrounded by gel layer(s) of water-insoluble polymer. Osmotic pressure drives the drug out when solvent passes through the gel layer while the polymer molecules remain. This permits control of the rate of release of the drug active by the variation of polymer ratios. This technology is most useful for drug molecules which require precisely controlled pseudo-first-order release profiles, where the rate of release is proportional to the amount available for dissolution as well as being proportional to one other component; however the effect of the amount of drug is overriding, so that the rate appears first-order. This type of release control can be useful when attempting to match difficult profiles for generic formulation.

IntelliPaste™

The IntelliPaste™ technology is comprised of blends of multiple polymers, oils, excipients and drug active(s) which result in a paste-in-a-capsule dosage form. The physical attributes of the paste include that it is thixotropic, pseudoplastic and non-Newtonian or, in layman’s terms, like toothpaste. Typically, it is formulated as having very low solubility in water or oil, and low solubility in alcohol. These characteristics enable the resulting drug product to have tamper-deterrent properties, and to resist dissolution in even high concentrations of alcohol. As a result, IntelliPaste™ is our preferred delivery technology for the controlled delivery of opiates, narcotics and other central nervous system drug products which are susceptible to unlawful diversion or abuse.

IntelliPellets™

The IntelliPellets™ technology consists of one or more type (population) of granule, bead, pellet, or tablet in a holding chamber or reservoir, such as a hard gelatin capsule. Each type (population) may be uniquely different from the other in the manner or rate it releases the drug. Our IntelliPellets™ technology is designed to control, prolong, delay or modify the release of drugs. It is particularly useful for the delivery of multiple drugs, for delayed, timed, pulsed or for chronotherapeutic drug delivery, designed to mimic our internal clocks for therapeutic optimization (the drug is delivered in the right amount for the patient at the right time). This technology is most useful for the delivery of multiple-drug cocktails, or in situations where the timing of a single dose or the sequencing of multiple doses of the same drug is important.

IntelliShuttle™

The IntelliShuttle™ technology provides for drug release past the stomach, such as for drugs required for action beyond the stomach, for drugs which could be destroyed by the stomach environment, or for drugs which could harm the stomach itself. This technology “shuttles” the drug past the stomach to be released at predetermined times or sites where appropriate for optimum therapeutic effect. This technology is most useful for acid labile drug molecules (drugs that are destroyed in acid environment), such as the proton pump inhibitors, of which well-known omeprazole (Prilosec) and lansoprazole (Prevacid) are examples, or for drug molecules which may harm the stomach, of which the well-known aspirin is an example.

Each of the above-noted proprietary technologies was fully developed and ready for application to client drug delivery requirements from the date of our inception. Each of them has been utilized and applied to client drug delivery requirements under our existing and previous development contracts; in several instances more than one technology has been applied to a single drug development. We continue to develop all of our existing technologies and to conduct the necessary research to develop new products and technologies.

Our Products and Product Candidates

The table below shows the present status of our ANDA, ANDS and NDA products and product candidates that have been disclosed to the public.

Generic name	Brand	Indication	Stage of Development(1)	Regulatory Pathway	Market Size (in millions)(2)	Rights(3)
Dexmethylphenidate hydrochloride extended-release capsules	Focalin XR®	Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder	Received final approval for 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35 and 40 mg strengths from FDA(4)	ANDA	$877	Intellipharmaceutics and Par (US)   Philippines rights subject to licensing and distribution agreement
Levetiracetam extended-release tablets	Keppra XR®	Partial onset seizures for epilepsy	Received final approval for the 500 and 750 mg strengths from FDA	ANDA	$141	ANDA Repository(5)
Venlafaxine hydrochloride extended-release capsules	Effexor XR®	Depression	Received final approval for 37.5, 75 and 150 mg strengths from FDA	ANDA	$838	Intellipharmaceutics and Tris Pharma (US)
Pantoprazole sodium delayed- release tablets	Protonix®	Conditions associated with gastroesophageal reflux disease	ANDA application for commercialization approval for 2 strengths under review by FDA	ANDA	$385	Intellipharmaceutics
Metformin hydrochloride extended-release tablets	Glucophage® XR	Management of type 2 diabetes	Received final approval for 500 and 750 mg strengths from FDA	ANDA	$208 (500 and 750 mg only)	Intellipharmaceutics   Philippines and Vietnamese rights subject to licensing and distribution agreements
Quetiapine fumarate extended-release tablets	Seroquel XR®	Schizophrenia, bipolar disorder & major depressive disorder	Received final FDA approval for all 5 strengths. ANDS under review by Health Canada	ANDA ANDS	$112	Intellipharmaceutics and Tris Pharma (US)   Philippines, Malaysian and Vietnamese rights subject to licensing and distribution agreements   Vietnamese distribution rights to unannounced pharmaceutical distributor
Lamotrigine extended-release tablets	Lamictal® XR™	Anti-convulsant for epilepsy	ANDA application for commercialization approval for 6 strengths under review by FDA	ANDA	$523	Intellipharmaceutics
Desvenlafaxine extended-release tablets	Pristiq®	Depression	Received approval for the 50 and 100 mg strengths from FDA	ANDA	$275	Intellipharmaceutics and Tris Pharma (US)
Trazodone hydrochloride extended-release tablets	Oleptro™	Depression	ANDA application for commercialization approval for 2 strengths under review by FDA	ANDA	$240	Intellipharmaceutics
Carvedilol phosphate extended-release capsules	Coreg CR®	Heart failure, hypertension	Late-stage development	ANDA	$49	Intellipharmaceutics
Oxycodone hydrochloride controlled-release capsules		Pain	NDA application accepted February 2017 and under review by FDA	NDA 505(b)(2)	$1,200	Intellipharmaceutics
Pregabalin extended-release capsules		Neuropathic pain	IND application submitted in August 2015	NDA 505(b)(2)	$3,594	Intellipharmaceutics
Ranolazine extended-release tablets	Ranexa®	Chronic angina	ANDA application for commercialization approval for 2 strengths under review by FDA	ANDA	$566	Intellipharmaceutics
Oxycodone hydrochloride immediate release tablets (IPCI006)		Pain	IND application submitted in November 2018	NDA 505(b)(2)	$653	Intellipharmaceutics

 

 

Notes:

Dexmethylphenidate Hydrochloride – Generic Focalin XR® (a registered trademark of the brand manufacturer)

Dexmethylphenidate hydrochloride, a Schedule II restricted product (drugs with a high potential for abuse) in the U.S., is indicated for the treatment of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. In November 2005, we entered into the Par agreement pursuant to which we granted Par an exclusive, royalty-free license to make and distribute in the U.S. all of our FDA approved strengths of our generic Focalin XR® (dexmethylphenidate hydrochloride extended-release) capsules for a period of 10 years from the date of commercial launch (which was November 19, 2013). We retain the right to make and distribute all strengths of the generic product outside of the U.S. Calendar quarterly profit-sharing payments for its U.S. sales of all strengths of generic Focalin XR® are payable by Par to us as calculated pursuant to the Par agreement.

We received final approval from the FDA in November 2013 under the Company ANDA to launch the 15 and 30 mg strengths of our generic Focalin XR® capsules. Commercial sales of these strengths were launched immediately by our commercialization partner in the U.S., Par. Our 5, 10, 20 and 40 mg strengths were also then tentatively FDA approved, subject to the right of Teva to 180 days of generic exclusivity from the date of first launch of such products. In January 2017, Par launched the 25 and 35 mg strengths of its generic Focalin XR® capsules in the U.S., and in May 2017, Par launched the 10 and 20 mg strengths, complementing the 15 and 30 mg strengths of our generic Focalin XR® marketed by Par. In November 2017, Par launched the remaining 5 and 40 mg strengths providing us with the full line of generic Focalin XR® strengths available in the U.S. market.

In November 2018, we announced that we entered into an exclusive licensing and distribution agreement with a pharmaceutical distributor in the Philippines pursuant to which the distributor was granted the exclusive right, subject to regulatory approval, to import and market our generic Focalin XR® in the Philippines. Under the terms of the agreement, the distributor will be required to purchase a minimum yearly quantity of our generic Focalin XR® and we will be the exclusive supplier of such product. This multi-year agreement is subject to early termination. There can be no assurance as to when and if such product will receive regulatory approval for the sale in the Philippines or that, if so approved, the product will be successfully commercialized there and produce significant revenues for us.

Levetiracetam – Generic Keppra XR® (a registered trademark of the brand manufacturer)

We received final approval from the FDA in February 2016 for the 500 and 750 mg strengths of our generic Keppra XR® (levetiracetam extended-release) tablets. Keppra XR®, and the drug active levetiracetam, are indicated for use in the treatment of partial onset seizures associated with epilepsy. We are aware that several other generic versions of this product are currently available and serve to limit the overall market opportunity. We have been actively exploring the best approach to maximize our commercial returns from this approval and have been looking at several international markets where, despite lower volumes, product margins are typically higher than in the U.S.

In November 2018, we announced that we entered into two exclusive licensing and distribution agreements with pharmaceutical distributors in Vietnam and the Philippines pursuant to which the distributors were granted the exclusive right, subject to regulatory approval, to import and market our generic Keppra XR® in Vietnam and the Philippines, respectively. Under the terms of the agreements, the distributors will be required to purchase a minimum yearly quantity of our generic Keppra XR®. These multi-year agreements are each subject to early termination. There can be no assurance that the Company’s generic Keppra XR® for the 500 and 750 mg strengths will be successfully commercialized. Further, there can be no assurance as to when and if such product will receive regulatory approval for the sale in Vietnam or the Philippines or that, if so approved, the product will be successfully commercialized there and produce significant revenues for us.

On September 30, 2019, pursuant to the Levetiracetam ANDA Agreement, we sold the Transferred Levetiracetam ANDA to the Levetiracetam ANDA Purchaser in exchange for a purchase price of $1. Additionally, pursuant to the Levetiracetam ANDA Agreement, we agreed to pay the Levetiracetam ANDA Purchaser an annual fee for each fiscal year equal to 50% of the difference for the FDA Program Fee for 6 to 19 approved ANDAs and the FDA Program Fee for 1 to 5 approved ANDAs. Under the Levetiracetam ANDA Agreement, we have the option to repurchase the Transferred Levetiracetam ANDA for a purchase price of $1 at any time.

Metformin hydrochloride – Generic Glucophage® XR (a registered trademark of the brand manufacturer)

We received final approval from the FDA in February 2017 for the 500 and 750 mg strengths of our generic Glucophage® XR (metformin hydrochloride extended release) tablets. Glucophage® XR, and the drug active metformin, are indicated for use in the management of type 2 diabetes treatment. The Company is aware that several other generic versions of this product are currently available and serve to limit the overall market opportunity; however, we are continuing to evaluate options to realize commercial returns on this product, particularly in international markets.

In November 2018, we announced that we entered into two exclusive licensing and distribution agreements with pharmaceutical distributors in the Vietnam and the Philippines pursuant to which the distributors were granted the exclusive right, subject to regulatory approval, to import and market our generic Glucophage® XR in Vietnam and the Philippines, respectively. Under the terms of the agreements, the distributors will be required to purchase a minimum yearly quantity of our generic Glucophage® XR. These multi-year agreements are each subject to early termination.

There can be no assurance that our generic Glucophage® XR for the 500 and 750 mg strengths will be successfully commercialized. Further, there can be no assurance as to when and if such product will receive regulatory approval for the sale in Vietnam or the Philippines or that, if so approved, the product will be successfully commercialized there and produce significant revenues for us.

Venlafaxine hydrochloride – Effexor XR® (a registered trademark of the brand manufacturer)

We received final approval from the FDA in November 2018 for our ANDA for venlafaxine hydrochloride extended-release capsules in the 37.5, 75 and 150 mg strengths. The approved product is a generic equivalent of the branded product Effexor XR® sold in the U.S. by Wyeth Pharmaceuticals, LLC. Effexor XR®, and the drug active venlafaxine hydrochloride, are indicated for the treatment of MDD. We are actively exploring the best approach to maximize our commercial returns from this approval. On November 25, 2019, we announced that we had entered into a license and commercial supply agreement with Tris Pharma, by which we granted Tris Pharma an exclusive license to market, sell and distribute in the United States, Venlafaxine extended-release capsules in the 37.5, 75, and 150 mg strengths. Several other generic versions of the licensed products are currently available in the market and this limits the overall market opportunity. There can be no assurance that the Company’s venlafaxine hydrochloride extended-release capsules for the 37.5, 75, and 150 mg strengths will be successfully commercialized and produce significant revenue for us.

Quetiapine fumarate extended-release tablets - Generic Seroquel XR® (a registered trademark of the brand manufacturer)

In May 2017, we received final approval from the FDA for our ANDA for quetiapine fumarate extended-release tablets in the 50, 150, 200, 300 and 400 mg strengths. Our approved product is a generic equivalent for the corresponding strengths of the branded product Seroquel XR® sold in the U.S. by AstraZeneca. Seroquel XR®, and the drug active quetiapine fumarate, are indicated for use in the management of schizophrenia, bipolar disorder and major depressive disorder (MDD). Pursuant to a settlement agreement between us and AstraZeneca dated July 30, 2012, we were permitted to launch our generic versions of the 50, 150, 200, 300 and 400 mg strengths of generic Seroquel XR®, on November 1, 2016, subject to FDA final approval of our ANDA for those strengths. Our final FDA approval followed the expiry of 180-day exclusivity periods granted to the first filers of generic equivalents to the branded product, which were shared by Par and Accord Healthcare. The Company manufactured and shipped commercial quantities of all strengths of generic Seroquel XR® to our then marketing and distribution partner Mallinckrodt, and Mallinckrodt launched all strengths in June 2017. On April 12, 2019, we and Mallinckrodt mutually agreed to terminate the Mallinckrodt agreement and effective August 12, 2019 the Mallinckrodt agreement was terminated.

In November 2018, we announced that we entered into three exclusive licensing and distribution agreements with pharmaceutical distributors in Malaysia, Vietnam and the Philippines pursuant to which the distributors were granted the exclusive right, subject to regulatory approval, to import and market our generic Seroquel XR® in Malaysia, Vietnam and the Philippines, respectively. Under the terms of the agreements, the distributors will be required to purchase a minimum yearly quantity of our generic Seroquel XR®. The multi-year agreements are each subject to early termination. There can be no assurance as to when and if such product will receive regulatory approval for the sale in Malaysia, Vietnam or the Philippines or that, if so approved, the product will be successfully commercialized there and produce significant revenues for us.

On August 15, 2019, we announced a license and commercial supply agreement with Tris Pharma, granting Tris Pharma an exclusive license to market, sell and distribute all strengths of our generic Seroquel XR® in the United States.

Desvenlafaxine succinate extended-release tablets – Generic Pristiq® (a registered trademark of the brand manufacturer)

In May 2019, we received approval from the FDA for our ANDA for desvenlafaxine extended-release tablets in the 50 and 100 mg strengths. This product is a generic equivalent of the branded product Pristiq® sold in the U.S. by Wyeth Pharmaceuticals, LLC. Pristiq®, and the drug active desvenlafaxine succinate, are indicated for use in the management of depression. We previously announced that we had entered into the Mallinckrodt agreement, which granted Mallinckrodt, subject to its terms, an exclusive license to market, sell and distribute in the U.S. the Company's desvenlafaxine extended-release tablets (generic Pristiq®).

On April 12, 2019, we and Mallinckrodt mutually agreed to terminate the Mallinckrodt agreement, and effective August 12, 2019 the Mallinckrodt agreement was terminated.

On September 5, 2019, we announced a license and commercial supply agreement with Tris Pharma, granting Tris Pharma an exclusive license to market, sell and distribute the two strengths of the product in the United States. The agreement provides for the Company to have a profit-sharing arrangement with respect to the licensed product. There can be no assurance that our desvenlafaxine extended-release tablets in the 50 and 100 mg strengths will be successfully commercialized and produce significant revenue for us.

Oxycodone ER (Abuse Deterrent Oxycodone Hydrochloride Extended Release Tablets)

One of our non-generic products under development is our Oxycodone ER (abuse deterrent oxycodone hydrochloride extended release tablets) product candidate, intended as an abuse and alcohol-deterrent controlled-release oral formulation of oxycodone hydrochloride for the relief of pain. Our Oxycodone ER is a new drug candidate, with a unique long acting oral formulation of oxycodone intended to treat moderate-to-severe pain when a continuous, around the clock opioid analgesic is needed for an extended period of time. The formulation is intended to present a significant barrier to tampering when subjected to various forms of physical and chemical manipulation commonly used by abusers. It is also designed to prevent dose dumping when inadvertently co-administered with alcohol. Dose dumping is the rapid release of an active ingredient from a controlled-release drug into the blood stream that can result in increased toxicity, side effects, and a loss of efficacy. Dose dumping can result by consuming the drug through crushing, taking with alcohol, extracting with other beverages, vaporizing or injecting. In addition, when crushed or pulverized and hydrated, the proposed extended release formulation is designed to coagulate instantaneously and entrap the drug in a viscous hydrogel, which is intended to prevent syringing, injecting and snorting. Our Oxycodone ER formulation is difficult to abuse through the application of heat or an open flame, making it difficult to inhale the active ingredient from burning.

In March 2015, we announced the results of three definitive open label, blinded, randomized, cross-over, Phase I pharmacokinetic clinical trials in which our Oxycodone ER was compared to the existing branded drug OxyContin® (extended release oxycodone hydrochloride) under single dose fasting, single dose steady-state fasting and single dose fed conditions in healthy volunteers. We had reported that the results from all three studies showed that Oxycodone ER met the bioequivalence criteria (90% confidence interval of 80% to 125%) for all matrices, i.e., on the measure of maximum plasma concentration or Cmax, on the measure of area under the curve time (AUCt) and on the measure of area under the curve infinity (AUCinf).

In May 2015, the FDA provided us with notification regarding our IND submission for Oxycodone ER indicating that we would not be required to conduct Phase III studies if bioequivalence to OxyContin® was demonstrated based on pivotal bioequivalence studies.

In January 2016, we announced that pivotal bioequivalence trials of our Oxycodone ER, dosed under fasted and fed conditions, had demonstrated bioequivalence to OxyContin® extended release tablets as manufactured and sold in the U.S. by Purdue. The study design was based on FDA recommendations and compared the lowest and highest strengths of exhibit batches of our Oxycodone ER to the same strengths of OxyContin®. The results show that the ratios of the pharmacokinetic metrics, Cmax, AUC0-t and AUC0-f for Oxycodone ER vs OxyContin®, are within the interval of 80% - 125% required by the FDA with a confidence level exceeding 90%.

In July 2016, we announced the results of a food effect study conducted on our behalf for Oxycodone ER. The study design was a randomized, one-treatment two periods, two sequences, crossover, open label, laboratory-blind bioavailability study for Oxycodone ER following a single 80 mg oral dose to healthy adults under fasting and fed conditions. The study showed that Oxycodone ER can be administered with or without a meal (i.e., no food effect). Oxycodone ER met the bioequivalence criteria (90% confidence interval of 80% to 125%) for all matrices, involving maximum plasma concentration and area under the curve (i.e., Cmax ratio of Oxycodone ER taken under fasted conditions to fed conditions, and AUC metrics taken under fasted conditions to fed conditions). We believe that Oxycodone ER is well differentiated from currently marketed oral oxycodone extended release products.

In November 2016, we filed an NDA seeking authorization to market our Oxycodone ER in the 10, 15, 20, 30, 40, 60 and 80 mg strengths, relying on the 505(b)(2) regulatory pathway which allowed us to reference data from Purdue’s file for its OxyContin®. In February 2017, the FDA accepted for filing our NDA, and set a PDUFA, goal date of September 25, 2017. Our submission is supported by pivotal pharmacokinetic studies that demonstrated that Oxycodone ER is bioequivalent to OxyContin®. The submission also includes abuse-deterrent studies conducted to support abuse-deterrent label claims related to abuse of the drug by various pathways, including oral, intra-nasal and intravenous, having reference to the FDA’s “Abuse-Deterrent Opioids - Evaluation and Labeling” guidance published in April 2015.

Our NDA was filed under Paragraph IV of the Hatch-Waxman Act, as amended. We certified to the FDA that we believed that our Oxycodone ER product candidate would not infringe any of the OxyContin® patents listed in the FDA’s Approved Drug Products with Therapeutic Equivalence Evaluations, commonly known as the Orange Book (the “Orange Book”), or that such patents are invalid, and so notified all holders of the subject patents of such certification. On April 7, 2017, we received notice that Purdue, Purdue Pharmaceuticals L.P., The P.F. Laboratories, Inc., or collectively the Purdue parties, Rhodes Technologies, and Grünenthal GmbH, or collectively the Purdue litigation plaintiffs, had commenced patent infringement proceedings, or the Purdue litigation, against us in the U.S. District Court for the District of Delaware (docket number 17-392) in respect of our NDA filing for Oxycodone ER, alleging that our proposed Oxycodone ER infringes 6 out of the 16 patents associated with the branded product OxyContin®, or the OxyContin® patents, listed in the Orange Book. The complaint seeks injunctive relief as well as attorneys’ fees and costs and such other and further relief as the Court may deem just and proper. An answer and counterclaim have been filed.

Subsequent to the above-noted filing of lawsuit, 4 further such patents were listed and published in the Orange Book. We then similarly certified to the FDA concerning such further patents. On March 16, 2018, we received notice that the Purdue litigation plaintiffs had commenced further such patent infringement proceedings adding the 4 further patents. This lawsuit is also in the District of Delaware federal court under docket number 18-404.

As a result of the commencement of the first of these legal proceedings, the FDA is stayed for 30 months from granting final approval to our Oxycodone ER product candidate. That time period commenced on February 24, 2017, when the Purdue litigation plaintiffs received notice of our certification concerning the patents, and will expire on August 24, 2019, unless the stay is earlier terminated by a final declaration of the courts that the patents are invalid, or are not infringed, or the matter is otherwise settled among the parties.

On or about June 26, 2018, the court issued an order to sever 6 “overlapping” patents from the second Purdue case, but ordered litigation to proceed on the 4 new (2017-issued) patents. An answer and counterclaim was filed on July 9, 2018. The existence and publication of additional patents in the Orange Book, and litigation arising therefrom, is an ordinary and to be expected occurrence in the course of such litigation.

On July 6, 2018, the court issued a so-called “Markman” claim construction ruling on the first case. We believe that we have non-infringement and/or invalidity defenses to all of the asserted claims of the subject patents in both of the cases and will vigorously defend against these claims.

On July 24, 2018, the parties to the case mutually agreed to and did have dismissed the infringement claims related to the Grünenthal ‘060 patent. The Grünenthal ‘060 patent is one of the six patents included in the original litigation case; however, the dismissal does not by itself result in a termination of the 30-month litigation stay.

On October 4, 2018, the parties mutually agreed to postpone the scheduled court date pending a case status conference scheduled for December 17, 2018. At that time, further trial scheduling and other administrative matters were postponed pending the Company’s resubmission of the Oxycodone ER NDA to the FDA, which was made on February 28, 2019. On January 17, 2019, the court issued a scheduling order in which the remaining major portions are scheduled. The trial is scheduled for June 2020.

On April 4, 2019, the U.S. Federal Circuit Court of Appeals affirmed the invalidity of one Purdue OxyContin® formulation patent, subject to further appeal to the U.S. Supreme Court. The Company and its management intend to continue to vigorously defend against these claims and firmly believe that we do not infringe the subject patents.

An order was issued on April 24, 2019 setting the trial date for the Company's ongoing Purdue litigation case, case number 17-392 in the District of Delaware, with the trial scheduled to begin on November 12, 2019 and the 30-month stay date was extended to March 2, 2020.

On October 4, 2019, we announced that following the filing of a bankruptcy stay by Purdue Pharma L.P., the Company’s ongoing litigation case numbers 1:17-cv-00392-RGA and 1:18-cv-00404-RGA-SRF between Purdue Pharma L.P. et al and Intellipharmaceutics, have been stayed and the existing trial dates in both cases have been vacated by orders issued in each case by the judge in the District of Delaware on October 3, 2019. During a status update March 13, 2020, the stay was ordered to be continued. The parties are required to submit a joint status report no less than two business days before June 3, 2020. On April 24, 2019, an order had been issued, setting the trial date for case number 17-392 in the District of Delaware, and also extending the 30-month stay date for regulatory approval to March 2, 2020. With the current litigation stay order, the previous 30-month stay date of March 2, 2020 was unchanged and has now expired.

In June 2017, we announced that a joint meeting of the Advisory Committees of the FDA was scheduled for July 26, 2017 to review our NDA for Oxycodone ER. The submission requested that our Oxycodone ER product candidate include product label claims to support the inclusion of language regarding abuse-deterrent properties for the intravenous route of administration.

In July 2017, the Company announced that the FDA Advisory Committees voted 22 to 1 in finding that the Company’s NDA for Oxycodone ER should not be approved at this time. The Advisory Committees also voted 19 to 4 that the Company had not demonstrated that Oxycodone ER has properties that can be expected to deter abuse by the intravenous route of administration, and 23 to 0 that there was not sufficient data for Oxycodone ER to support inclusion of language regarding abuse-deterrent properties in the product label for the intravenous route of administration. The Advisory Committees expressed a desire to review the additional safety and efficacy data for Oxycodone ER that may be obtained from human abuse potential studies for the oral and intranasal routes of administration.

In September 2017, the Company received a Complete Response Letter (“CRL”) from the FDA for the Oxycodone ER NDA, stating that it could not approve the application at that time. In its CRL, the FDA provided certain recommendations and requests for information, including that the Company complete studies to assess the abuse-deterrent properties of Oxycodone ER by the oral and nasal routes of administration, provide additional information related to the inclusion of the blue dye in the formulation of the product, and submit an alternate proposed proprietary name for Oxycodone ER. The FDA required a response within a year of issuing the CRL, but granted our request for an extension to resubmit by February 28, 2019

In February 2018, the Company met with the FDA to discuss the above-referenced CRL for Oxycodone ER, including issues related to the blue dye in the product candidate. Based on those discussions, the product candidate will no longer include the blue dye. The blue dye was intended to act as an additional deterrent if Oxycodone ER is abused and serve as an early warning mechanism to flag potential misuse or abuse. The FDA confirmed that the removal of the blue dye is unlikely to have any impact on formulation quality and performance. As a result, the Company will not be required to repeat in vivo bioequivalence studies and pharmacokinetic studies submitted in the Oxycodone ER NDA. The FDA also indicated that, from an abuse liability perspective, Category 1 studies will not have to be repeated on Oxycodone ER with the blue dye removed.

The abuse liability studies for the intranasal route of abuse commenced in May 2018 with subject screening, while the studies for the oral route commenced in June 2018. The clinical part of both studies was completed, and the results included in the NDA resubmission.

In March 2019, the FDA acknowledged receipt of our resubmission of the Oxycodone ER NDA filed on February 28, 2019. The FDA had informed the Company that it considered the resubmission a complete response to the September 22, 2017 action letter it issued in respect of the NDA. The FDA also assigned a PDUFA goal date of August 28, 2019.

On July 24, 2019, we announced that the Company had been advised by the FDA that the FDA “is postponing product-specific advisory committee meetings for opioid analgesics,” including the one previously scheduled to discuss our NDA, “while it continues to consider a number of scientific and policy issues relating to this class of drugs.” According to the FDA, the reason for the postponement was not unique to our product and the Anesthetic and Analgesic Drug Products Advisory Committee (“AADPAC”) meeting earlier planned by the FDA, to discuss our NDA was going to be rescheduled at a future date. The FDA informed the Company that it would continue to review the Company’s NDA according to the existing PDUFA timeline, but noted that, due to the postponement of the AADPAC meeting, it was possible that the FDA may be unable to meet the PDUFA goal date of August 28, 2019. The FDA did not meet the goal date of August 28, 2019.

In December 2019 we announced that a joint meeting of the Advisory Committees of the FDA had been scheduled for January 15, 2020 to review the NDA for Aximris XRTM abuse-deterrent oxycodone hydrochloride extended-release tablets.

On January 15, 2020, at a joint meeting of the Advisory Committees of the FDA to review our NDA for Aximris XR™, abuse-deterrent oxycodone hydrochloride extended-release tablets, the Advisory Committees voted 24 to 2 against the approval of our NDA for Aximris XRTM for the management of pain severe enough to require daily, around-the-clock, long-term opioid treatment and for which alternative treatment options are inadequate. We expect the FDA to take action on our application after completion of their review.

There can be no assurance that the studies submitted will be adequate, that we will not be required to conduct further studies for Oxycodone ER, that the FDA will approve any of the Company’s requested abuse-deterrent label claims or that the FDA will ultimately approve our NDA for the sale of Aximris XRTM in the U.S. market, or that it will ever be successfully commercialized and produce significant revenue for us

In November 2018, we announced that we entered into an exclusive licensing and distribution agreement with a pharmaceutical distributor in the Philippines pursuant to which the distributor was granted the exclusive right, subject to regulatory approval, to import and market Oxycodone ER in the Philippines. Under the terms of the agreement, the distributor will be required to purchase a minimum yearly quantity of our Oxycodone ER and we will be the exclusive supplier of our Oxycodone ER. This multi-year agreement is subject to early termination. There can be no assurance as to when and if such product candidate will receive regulatory approval for the sale in the Philippines or that, if so approved, the product will be successfully commercialized there and produce significant revenues for us.

Regabatin™ XR (Pregabalin Extended-Release)

Another of our non-generic controlled-release product under development is Regabatin™ XR, pregabalin extended-release capsules. Pregabalin is indicated for the management of neuropathic pain associated with diabetic peripheral neuropathy, postherpetic neuralgia, spinal cord injury and fibromyalgia. A controlled-release version of pregabalin should reduce the number of doses patients take, which could improve patient compliance, and therefore possibly enhance clinical outcomes. Lyrica® pregabalin, twice-a-day (“BID”) dosage and three-times-a-day (“TID”) dosage, are drug products marketed in the U.S. by Pfizer Inc. In October 2017, Pfizer also received approval for a Lyrica® CR, a controlled-release version of pregabalin. In 2014, we conducted and analyzed the results of six Phase I clinical trials involving a twice-a-day formulation and a once-a-day formulation. For formulations directed to certain indications which include fibromyalgia, the results suggested that Regabatin™ XR 82.5 mg BID dosage was comparable in bioavailability to Lyrica® 50 mg (immediate-release pregabalin) TID dosage. For formulations directed to certain other indications which include neuropathic pain associated with diabetic peripheral neuropathy, the results suggested that Regabatin™ XR 165 mg once-a-day dosage was comparable in bioavailability to Lyrica® 75 mg BID dosage.

In March 2015, the FDA accepted a Pre-Investigational New Drug, or Pre-IND, meeting request for our once-a-day Regabatin™ XR non-generic controlled release version of pregabalin under the NDA 505(b)(2) regulatory pathway, with a view to possible commercialization in the U.S. at some time following the December 30, 2018 expiry of the patent covering the pregabalin molecule. Regabatin™ XR is based on our controlled release drug delivery technology platform which utilizes the symptomatology and chronobiology of fibromyalgia in a formulation intended to provide a higher exposure of pregabalin during the first 12 hours of dosing. Based on positive feedback and guidance from the FDA, we submitted an IND application for Regabatin™ XR in August 2015. The FDA completed its review of the IND application and provided constructive input that we will use towards further development of the program. We believe our product candidate has significant additional benefits to existing treatments and are currently evaluating strategic options to advance this opportunity.

There can be no assurance that any additional Phase I or other clinical trials we conduct will meet our expectations, that we will have sufficient capital to conduct such trials, that we will be successful in submitting an NDA 505(b)(2) filing with the FDA, that the FDA will approve this product candidate for sale in the U.S. market, or that it will ever be successfully commercialized.

Oxycodone Hydrochloride IR Tablets (“IPCI006”) (Abuse Deterrent and Overdose Resistant Oxycodone Hydrochloride Immediate Release Tablets)

In November 2018, we announced that we had submitted an investigational new drug (“IND”) application to the FDA for our IPCI006 oxycodone hydrochloride immediate release tablets in the 5, 10, 15, 20 and 30 mg strengths. This novel drug formulation incorporates the Company’s PODRAS delivery technology and its nPODDDS™ technology. IPCI006 is designed to prevent, delay or limit the release of oxycodone hydrochloride when more intact tablets than prescribed are ingested, thus delaying or preventing overdose and allowing for sufficient time for a rescue or medical intervention to take place. It is also intended to present a significant barrier to abuse by snorting, “parachuting,” injecting or smoking finely crushed oxycodone hydrochloride immediate release tablets. The data generated from the studies conducted under this IND is expected to form part of an NDA seeking FDA approval for IPCI006 tablets.

If approved, IPCI006 may be the first immediate release formulation of oxycodone hydrochloride intended to simultaneously prevent or delay overdose and prevent abuse by intranasal or intravenous routes.

There can be no assurance that we will be successful in submitting any NDA with the FDA, that the FDA will approve the Company’s IPCI006 product candidate for sale in the U.S. market or any related abuse-deterrent label claims, or that it will ever be successfully commercialized and produce significant revenue for us.

Other Potential Products and Markets

We are continuing our efforts to identify opportunities internationally, particularly in China, that could, if effectuated, provide product distribution alternatives through partnerships and therefore would not likely require an investment or asset acquisition by us. Discussions toward establishing a partnership to facilitate future development activities in China are ongoing. We have not at this time entered into and may not ever enter into any such arrangements.

In addition, we are seeking to develop key relationships in several other international jurisdictions where we believe there may be substantial demand for our generic products. These opportunities could potentially involve out-licensing of our products, third-party manufacturing supply and more efficient access to pharmaceutical ingredients and therefore assist with the development of our product pipeline.

In November 2018, we announced that we had entered into an exclusive licensing and distribution agreement for our abuse resistant Oxycodone ER product candidate and four generic drug products with a pharmaceutical distributor in the Philippines. Under the terms of the agreement the distributor was granted the exclusive right, subject to regulatory approval, to import and market our first novel drug formulation, abuse-deterrent Oxycodone ER, in the Philippines. Additionally, this distributor was granted, subject to regulatory approval, the exclusive right to import and market our generic Seroquel XR®, Focalin XR®, Glucophage® XR, and Keppra XR® in the Philippines. Under the terms of the agreement, the distributor will be required to purchase a minimum yearly quantity of all products included in the agreement and we will be the exclusive supplier of said products. The multi-year agreement with the Philippines distributor is subject to early termination. Financial terms of the agreement have not been disclosed. There can be no assurance as to when or if any of our products or product candidates will receive regulatory approval for sale in the Philippines or that, if so approved, any such products will be successfully commercialized there and produce significant revenues for us. Moreover, there can be no assurance that we will not be required to conduct further studies for Oxycodone ER, that the FDA will approve any of our requested abuse-deterrent label claims or that the FDA will ultimately approve the NDA for the sale of Oxycodone ER in the U.S. market, or that it will ever be successfully commercialized and produce significant revenue for us.

In November 2018, we announced that we had entered into two exclusive licensing and distribution agreements with pharmaceutical distributors in Malaysia and Vietnam.

A Malaysian pharmaceutical distribution company was granted the exclusive right, subject to regulatory approval, to import and market our generic Seroquel XR® (quetiapine fumarate extended-release) in Malaysia. Under the terms of the agreement, four strengths (50, 200, 300 and 400 mg) of generic Seroquel XR® will be manufactured and supplied by us for distribution in Malaysia. We are also in discussions to include other products in the agreement with said distributor, who will be required to purchase a minimum yearly quantity of all products included in the agreement.

A Vietnamese pharmaceutical distributor was granted the exclusive right, subject to regulatory approval, to import and market our generic Seroquel XR®, Glucophage® XR, and Keppra XR® in Vietnam. Under the terms of the agreement, two strengths (500 and 750 mg) of generic Glucophage® XR, three strengths (50, 150 and 200 mg) of generic Seroquel XR® and one strength (500 mg) of generic Keppra XR® will be manufactured and supplied by us for distribution in Vietnam. The Vietnamese distributor will be required to purchase a minimum yearly quantity of all products included in the agreement.

The multi-year agreements with the Malaysian and Vietnamese distributors are each subject to early termination. Financial terms of the agreements have not been disclosed. There can be no assurance as to when or if any of our products will receive regulatory approval for sale in Malaysia or Vietnam or that, if so approved, the products will be successfully commercialized there and produce significant revenues for the Company.

Additionally, in January 2018, we announced we had commenced a R&D program of pharmaceutical cannabidiol, or CBD, based products. As part of this R&D program, we filed multiple provisional patent applications with the United States Patent and Trademark Office pertaining to the delivery and application of cannabinoid-based therapeutics, began talks with potential commercialization partners in the cannabidiol industry, and identified a potential supplier of CBD. The patent filings, together with certain of our already issued drug delivery patents, are intended to form the basis of the development of a pipeline of novel controlled-release product candidates with CBD as the main active ingredient.

On May 30, 2019 we announced that the Company’s pre-existing license to conduct activities with CBD has been migrated by Health Canada to a CDL under the Cannabis Regulations. Our Cannabis Drug License allows the Company to continue to possess cannabis, produce a drug containing cannabis and sell a drug containing cannabis. The CDL is unique from other forms of cannabis licenses in Canada as, according to Health Canada, it is a requirement for any company that intends to produce and sell a prescription drug containing cannabis or cannabinoids. Only companies, such as our Company, with a Health Canada issued Drug Establishment License are eligible to apply for a Cannabis Drug License. There can be no assurance that we will be able to develop cannabis-based products or that any cannabis-based product candidates we develop will ever be successfully commercialized or produce significant revenue for us.

COMPETITIVE ENVIRONMENT

We are engaged in a business characterized by extensive research efforts, rapid technological developments and intense competition. Our competitors include medical technology, pharmaceutical, biotechnology and other companies, universities and research institutions. All of these competitors currently engage in, have engaged in or may engage in the future, in development, manufacturing, marketing and commercialization of new pharmaceuticals and existing pharmaceuticals, some of which may compete with our present or future products and product candidates.

Our drug delivery technologies may compete with existing drug delivery technologies, as well as new drug delivery technologies that may be developed or commercialized in the future. Any of these drugs and drug delivery technologies may receive government approval or gain market acceptance more rapidly than our products and product candidates. As a result, our products and product candidates may become non-competitive or obsolete.

We believe that our ability to successfully compete will depend on, among other things, the efficacy, safety and reliability of our products and product candidates, the timing and scope of regulatory approval, the speed at which we develop product candidates, our, or our commercialization partners’, ability to manufacture and sell commercial quantities of a product to the market, product acceptance by physicians and other professional healthcare providers, the quality and breadth of our technologies, the skills of our employees and our ability to recruit and retain skilled employees, the protection of our intellectual property, and the availability of substantial capital resources to fund development and commercialization activities.

MANUFACTURING

We have internal manufacturing capabilities consisting of cGLP research laboratories and a current Good Manufacturing Process (“cGMP”) manufacturing plant for solid oral dosage forms at our facility located at 30 Worcester Road. Raw materials used in manufacturing our products are available from a number of commercial sources and the prices for such raw materials are generally not particularly volatile. In October 2014, the FDA provided us with written notification that 30 Worcester Road Facility had received an “acceptable” classification. Such inspections are carried out on a regular basis by the FDA and an “acceptable” classification is necessary to permit us to be in a position to receive final approvals for ANDAs and NDAs and to permit manufacturing of drug products intended for commercial sales in the United States after any such approvals. The most recent inspections by FDA were conducted in July 2017 and June 2019; FDA issued close-out letters in both cases. Similarly, Health Canada completed an inspection of 30 Worcester Road Facility in September 2015 which resulted in a compliant rating. The most recent Health Canada inspection was conducted in June 2019 and a compliant rating was issued on August 15, 2019 Once we have completed certain renovations to our 22 Worcester Road Facility (as defined in Item 4.D. below), we plan to request an inspection by regulatory agencies which will determine compliance of the facility with cGMP.

INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY

Proprietary rights are an important aspect of our business. These include know-how, trade secrets and patents. Know-how and trade secrets are protected by internal company policies and operating procedures, and where necessary, by contractual provisions with development partners and suppliers. We also seek patent protection for inventive advances which form the basis of our drug delivery technologies. With respect to particular products, we may seek patent protection on the commercial composition, our methods of production and our uses, to prevent the unauthorized marketing and sale of competitive products.

Patents which relate to and protect various aspects of our Hypermatrix™ family of drug delivery technologies include the following United States, Japanese, Chinese, Indian, Canadian and European patents which have been issued to us:

Country	Issue Date	Issue No.	Title
U.S.A.	October 31, 2017	9,801,939	Compositions and Methods For Reducing Overdose
U.S.A.	July 11, 2017	9,700,516	Compositions and Methods For Reducing Overdose
U.S.A.	July 11, 2017	9,700,515	Compositions and Methods For Reducing Overdose
U.S.A.	December 20, 2016	9,522,119	Compositions and Methods For Reducing Overdose
U.S.A.	July 14, 2015	9,078,827	Pharmaceutical Composition Having Reduced Abuse Potential
U.S.A.	August 12, 2014	8,802,139	Proton Pump-Inhibitor-Containing Capsules Which Comprise Subunits Differently Structured For A Delayed Release Of The Active Ingredient
U.S.A.	December 10, 2013	8,603,520	Oral Multi-functional Pharmaceutical Capsule Preparations of Proton Pump Inhibitors
U.S.A.	March 12, 2013	8,394,409	Controlled Extended Drug Release Technology
U.S.A.	March 15, 2011	7,906,143	Controlled Release Pharmaceutical Delivery Device and Process for Preparation Thereof
U.S.A.	December 28, 2010	7,858,119	Extended Release Pharmaceuticals
U.S.A.	August 15, 2006	7,090,867	Controlled Release Delivery Device for Pharmaceutical Agents Incorporating Microbial Polysaccharide Gum
U.S.A.	October 5, 2004	6,800,668	Syntactic Deformable Foam Compositions and Methods for Making
U.S.A.	November 25, 2003	6,652,882	Controlled Release Formulation Containing Bupropion
U.S.A.	August 19, 2003	6,607,751	Novel Controlled Release Delivery Device for Pharmaceutical Agents Incorporating Microbial Polysaccharide Gum
U.S.A.	November 12, 2002	6,479,075	Pharmaceutical Formulations for Acid Labile Substances
U.S.A.	October 2, 2001	6,296,876	Pharmaceutical Formulations for Acid Labile Substances
U.S.A.	May 5, 2017	9,636,306	Proton Pimp-Inhibitor Containing Capsules which Comprise Subunits Differently Structured for a Delayed Release of the Active Ingredient
U.S.A.	November 6, 2019	10,314,787	Controlled Release Delivery Device Comprising an Organosol Coat
U.S.A.	April 9, 2018	10,064,828	Pulsed Extended-Pulsed and Extended-Pulsed Drug Delivery Systems
U.S.A.	December 25, 2018	10,159,649	Controlled Release Delivery Device Comprising an Organosol Coat
U.S.A.	July 2, 2017	9,561,188	Controlled Release Delivery Device Comprising an Organosol Coat

U.S.A.	May 21, 2019	10,293,046	Compositions and Methods for Reducing Overdose
Japan	August 28, 2015	5,798,293	Pharmaceutical Composition Having Reduced Abuse Potential
Japan	January 17, 2014	5,457,830	Controlled Release Delivery Device Comprising An Organosol Coat
Japan	August 8, 2014	5,592,547	Drug Delivery Composition
Japan	August 30, 2013	5,349,290	Drug Delivery Composition
Japan	July 29, 2016	5,978,276	Pharmaceutical Composition having Reduced Abuse Potential
Japan	June 28, 2019	6,544,749	Compositions and Methods for Reducing Overdose
India	February 10, 2015	265,141	Pharmaceutical Composition Having Reduced Abuse Potential
India	July 3, 2017	281,085	Drug Delivery Composition
India	January 19, 2017	279,389	Controlled Release Delivery Device Comprising an Organosol Coat
Europe	July 25, 2018	2,112,920	Proton Pump-Inhibitor Containing Capsules which Comprise Subunits Differently Structured for a Delayed Release of the Active Ingredient
Europe	November 26, 2014	2,007,360	Controlled Release Delivery Device Comprising an Organosol Coat
Canada	November 29, 2016	2,910,865	Compositions and Methods for Reducing Overdose
Canada	May 28, 2019	2,648,278	Drug Delivery Composition
Canada	May 26, 2015	2,579,382	Controlled Release Composition Using Transition Coating, And Method Of Preparing Same/ Controlled Release Delivery Device
Canada	January 28, 2014	2,571,897	Controlled Extended Drug Release Technology
Canada	April 8, 2014	2,576,556	Drug Delivery Device
Canada	March 11, 2014	2,648,280	Controlled Release Delivery Device Comprising an Organosol Coat
Canada	June 19, 2012	2,626,558	Pharmaceutical Composition having Reduced Abuse Potential
Canada	September 25, 2012	2,529,984	Oral Multi-Functional Pharmaceutical Capsule Preparations of Proton Pump Inhibitors
Canada	February 22, 2011	2,459,857	Combinatorial Type Controlled Release Drug Delivery Device
Canada	March 15, 2005	2,435,276	Syntactic Deformable Foam Compositions and Methods for Making
China	May 11, 2016	200780019665	Drug Delivery Composition
China	November 25, 2015	ZL200780025611.X	Pharmaceutical Composition having Reduced Abuse Potential

 

In addition to these issued patents, we have several U.S. patent applications, and corresponding foreign applications pending, including Patent Cooperation Treaty - national stage processing and entry applications, relating to various aspects of our HyperMatrixTM drug delivery technologies, including methods and compositions for coating of tablets and beads, compositions incorporating disintegrants to assist in controlled release, compositions incorporating multiple drug actives, and compositions directed to classes of drug actives designed as therapies for specific indications and compositions intended to enhance deterrence of willful abuse of narcotic compositions.

REGULATORY REQUIREMENTS

We focus on the development of both branded drug products (which require NDAs) and generic drug products (which require ANDAs). The research and development, manufacture and marketing of controlled-release pharmaceuticals are subject to regulation by U.S., Canadian and other governmental authorities and agencies. Such national agencies and other federal, state, provincial and local entities regulate the testing, manufacturing, safety and promotion of our products. The regulations applicable to our products may change as the currently limited number of approved controlled-release products increases and regulators acquire additional experience in this area.

United States Regulation

New Drug Application

We will be required by the FDA to comply with NDA procedures for our branded products prior to commencement of marketing by us or our licensees. New drug compounds and new formulations for existing drug compounds which cannot be filed as ANDAs, but follow a 505(b)(2) regulatory pathway, are subject to NDA procedures.

These procedures for a new drug compound include (a) preclinical laboratory and animal toxicology tests; (b) scaling and testing of production batches; (c) submission of an IND, and subsequent approval is required before any human clinical trials can commence; (d) adequate and well controlled replicate human clinical trials to establish the safety and efficacy of the drug for its intended indication; (e) the submission of an NDA to the FDA; and (f) FDA approval of an NDA prior to any commercial sale or shipment of the product, including pre-approval and post-approval inspections of our manufacturing and testing facilities. If all of this data in the product application is owned by the applicant, the FDA will issue its approval without regard to patent rights that might be infringed or exclusivity periods that would affect the FDA’s ability to grant an approval if the application relied upon data which the applicant did not own.

Preclinical laboratory and animal toxicology tests may have to be performed to assess the safety and potential efficacy of the product. The results of these preclinical tests, together with information regarding the methods of manufacture of the products and quality control testing, are then submitted to the FDA as part of an IND requesting authorization to initiate human clinical trials. Once the IND notice period has expired, clinical trials may be initiated, unless an FDA hold on clinical trials has been issued.

A new formulation for an existing drug compound requires a 505(b)(2) application. This application contains full reports of investigations of safety and effectiveness but at least some information required for approval comes from studies not conducted by or for the applicant and for which the applicant has not obtained a right of reference. A 505(b)(2) application is submitted when some specific information necessary for approval is obtained from: (1) published literature and/or (2) the FDA findings of safety and effectiveness for an approved drug. The FDA has implemented this approach to encourage innovation in drug development without requiring duplicative studies while protecting the patent and exclusivity rights for the approved drug. A 505(b)(2) application can be submitted for a new chemical entity, a new molecular entity or any changes to previously approved drugs such as dosage form, strength, route of administration, formulation, indication, or bioinequivalence where the application may rely on the FDA’s finding on safety and effectiveness of the previously approved drug. In addition, the applicant may also submit a 505(b)(2) application for a change in drug product that is eligible for consideration pursuant to a suitability petition. For example, a 505(b)(2) application would be appropriate for a controlled-release product that is bioinequivalent to a reference listed drug where the proposed product is at least as bioavailable and the pattern of release is at least as favorable as the approved pharmaceutically equivalent product. A 505(b)(2) application may be granted three years of exclusivity if one or more clinical investigations, other than bioavailability/bioequivalence studies, was essential to the approval and conducted or sponsored by the applicant; five years of exclusivity is granted if it is for a new chemical entity. A 505(b)(2) application may also be eligible for orphan drug and pediatric exclusivity.

A 505(b)(2) application must contain the following: (1) identification of those portions of the application that rely on the information the applicant does not have a right of reference, (2) identification of any or all listed drugs by established name, proprietary name, dosage form, strength, route of administration, name of the listed drug’s sponsor, and the application number if application relies on the FDA’s previous findings of safety and effectiveness for a listed drug, (3) information with respect to any patents that claim the drug or the use of the drug for which approval is sought, (4) patent certifications or statement with respect to any relevant patents that claim the listed drug, (5) if approval for a new indication, and not for the indications approved for the listed drug, a certification so stating, (6) a statement as to whether the listed drug has received a period of marketing exclusivity, (7) bioavailability/bioequivalence studies comparing the proposed product to the listed drug (if any) and (8) studies necessary to support the change or modification from the listed drugs or drugs (if any). Before submitting the application, the applicant should submit a plan to identify the types of bridging studies that should be conducted and also the components of application that rely on the FDA’s findings of safety and effectiveness of a previously approved drug product. We intend to generate all data necessary to support FDA approval of the applications we file. A 505(b)(2) application must provide notice of certain patent certifications to the NDA holder and patent owner, and approval may be delayed due to patent or exclusivity protections covering an approved product.

Clinical trials involve the administration of a pharmaceutical product to individuals under the supervision of qualified medical investigators who are experienced in conducting studies under good clinical practices guidelines. Clinical studies are conducted in accordance with protocols that detail the objectives of a study, the parameters to be used to monitor safety and the efficacy criteria to be evaluated. Each protocol is submitted to the FDA and to an institutional review board prior to the commencement of each clinical trial. Clinical studies are typically conducted in three sequential phases, which may overlap. In Phase I, the initial introduction of the product into human subjects, the compound is tested for absorption, safety, dosage, tolerance, metabolic interaction, distribution, and excretion. Phase II involves studies in a limited patient population with the disease to be treated to (1) determine the efficacy of the product for specific targeted indications, (2) determine optimal dosage and (3) identify possible adverse effects and safety risks. In the event Phase II evaluations demonstrate that a pharmaceutical product is effective and has an acceptable safety profile, Phase III clinical trials are undertaken to further evaluate clinical efficacy of the product and to further test its safety within an expanded patient population at geographically dispersed clinical study sites. Periodic reports on the clinical investigations are required.

We, or the FDA, may suspend clinical trials at any time if either party believes the clinical subjects are being exposed to unacceptable health risks. The results of the product development, analytical laboratory studies and clinical studies are submitted to the FDA as part of an NDA for approval of the marketing and commercialization of a pharmaceutical product.

Abbreviated New Drug Application

In certain cases, where the objective is to develop a generic version of an approved product already on the market in controlled-release dosages, an ANDA may be filed in lieu of filing an NDA. Under the ANDA procedure, the FDA waives the requirement to submit complete reports of preclinical and clinical studies of safety and efficacy and instead requires the submission of bioequivalency data; that is, demonstration that the generic drug produces the same effect in the body as its brand-name counterpart and has the same pharmacokinetic profile, or change in blood concentration over time. The ANDA procedure is available to us for a generic version of a drug product approved by the FDA. In certain cases, an ANDA applicant may submit a suitability petition to the FDA requesting permission to submit an ANDA for a drug product that differs from a previously approved reference drug product (the “Listed Drug”) when the change is one authorized by statute. Permitted variations from the Listed Drug include changes in: (1) route of administration, (2) dosage form, (3) strength and (4) one of the active ingredients of the Listed Drug when the Listed Drug is a combination product. The FDA must approve the petition before the ANDA may be submitted. An applicant is not permitted to petition for any other kinds of changes from Listed Drugs. The information in a suitability petition must demonstrate that the change from the Listed Drug requested for the proposed drug product may be adequately evaluated for approval without data from investigations to show the proposed drug product’s safety or effectiveness. The advantages of an ANDA over an NDA include reduced R&D costs associated with bringing a product to market, and generally a shorter review and approval time at the FDA.

GDUFA implemented substantial fees for new ANDAs, Drug Master Files, product and establishment fees. In return, the program is intended to provide faster and more predictable ANDA reviews by the FDA and more timely inspections of drug facilities. For the FDA’s fiscal year 2020, the user fee rate is $176,237. For the FDA’s fiscal year 2020, the FDA will also charge an annual facility user fee of $210,662 plus a general program fee of $166,168. Under GDUFA, generic product companies face significant penalties for failure to pay the new user fees, including rendering an ANDA not “substantially complete” until the fee is paid. It is currently uncertain the effect the new fees will have on our ANDA process and business. However, any failure by us or our suppliers to pay the fees or to comply with the other provisions of GDUFA may adversely impact or delay our ability to file ANDAs, obtain approvals for new generic products, generate revenues and thus may have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations and financial condition.

Patent Certification and Exclusivity Issues

ANDAs and/or NDAs filed under Paragraph IV of the Hatch Waxman Act which seek approval by a non-brand owner to market a generic version of a branded drug product prior to the expiry of patents owned or listed in the Orange Book (the “Listed Patents”) as applicable to the brand owner’s product, are required to include certifications pursuant to Paragraph IV that either the Listed Patents are invalid or that the applicant’s drug product does not infringe the Listed Patents. In such circumstances, the owner of the branded drug and/or the holder of the patents may commence patent infringement litigation against the applicant. In such a case, the FDA is not empowered to approve such pending ANDA or NDA until the expiry of 30 months from the commencement of such litigation, unless within such 30 month period the said patents are found to be invalid, or the drug product covered by the ANDA or NDA is finally found by a court not to infringe such patents.

Under the U.S. Food, Drug and Cosmetic Act (“FDC Act”), the first filer of an ANDA (but not an NDA) with a “non-infringement” certification is entitled, if its drug product is approved, to receive 180 days of market exclusivity. Subsequent filers of generic products, if non-infringing and approved by the FDA, are entitled to market their products six months after the first commercial marketing of the first filer’s generic product. A company having FDA approval and permission from the original brand owner is able to market an authorized generic at any time. The 180-day exclusivity period can be forfeited if the first applicant withdraws its application or the FDA considers the application to have been withdrawn, the first applicant amends or withdraws Paragraph IV Certification for all patents qualifying for 180 day exclusivity, or the first applicant fails to obtain tentative approval within 30 months after the date filed, unless failure is due to a change in review requirements. The preservation of the 180 day exclusivity period related to the first-to-file status of a drug not approved within 30 months after the date filed, generally requires that an application be made to the FDA for extension of the time period where the delay has been due to a change in the review requirements for the drug. The approval of the continued first-to-file status in such circumstances is subject to the discretion of the FDA. There can be no assurance that the FDA would accede to such a request if made.

Patent expiration refers to expiry of U.S. patents (inclusive of any extensions) on drug compounds, formulations and uses. Patents outside the United States may differ from those in the United States. Under U.S. law, the expiration of a patent on a drug compound does not create a right to make, use or sell that compound. There may be additional patents relating to a person’s proposed manufacture, use or sale of a product that could potentially prohibit such person’s proposed commercialization of a drug compound.

The FDC Act contains other market exclusivity provisions that offer additional protection to pioneer drug products which are independent of any patent coverage that might also apply. Exclusivity refers to the fact that the effective date of approval of a potential competitor’s ANDA for a generic of the pioneer drug may be delayed or, in certain cases, an ANDA may not be submitted until the exclusivity period expires. Five years of exclusivity are granted to the first approval of a “new chemical entity”. Three years of exclusivity may apply to products which are not new chemical entities, but for which new clinical investigations are essential to the approval. For example, a new indication for use, or a new dosage strength of a previously approved product, may be entitled to exclusivity, but only with respect to that indication or dosage strength. Exclusivity only offers protection against a competitor entering the market via the ANDA route, and does not operate against a competitor that generates all of its own data and submits a full NDA.

If applicable regulatory criteria are not satisfied, the FDA may deny approval of an NDA or an ANDA or may require additional testing. Product approvals may be withdrawn if compliance with current or future regulatory standards is not maintained or if problems occur after the product reaches the market. The FDA may require further testing and surveillance programs to monitor the pharmaceutical product that has been commercialized. Non-compliance with applicable requirements can result in additional penalties, including product seizures, injunction actions and criminal prosecutions.

Canadian Regulation

The requirements for selling pharmaceutical drugs in Canada are substantially similar to those of the United States described above.

Investigational New Drug Application

Before conducting clinical trials of a new drug in Canada, we must submit a Clinical Trial Application to the Therapeutic Products Directorate (“TPD”). This application includes information about the proposed trial, the methods of manufacture of the drug and controls, preclinical laboratory and animal toxicology tests on the safety and potential efficacy of the drug, and information on any previously executed clinical trials with the new drug. If, within 30 days of receiving the application, the TPD does not notify us that our application is unsatisfactory, we may proceed with clinical trials of the drug. The phases of clinical trials are the same as those described above under “United States Regulation – New Drug Application”.

New Drug Submission

Before selling a new drug in Canada, we must submit a New Drug Submission (“NDS”) or Supplemental New Drug Submission (“SNDS”) to the TPD and receive a Notice of Compliance (“NOC”) from the TPD to sell the drug. The submission includes information describing the new drug, including its proper name, the proposed name under which the new drug will be sold, a quantitative list of ingredients in the new drug, the methods of manufacturing, processing, and packaging the new drug, the controls applicable to these operations, the tests conducted to establish the safety of the new drug, the tests to be applied to control the potency, purity, stability and safety of the new drug, the results of bio-pharmaceutics and clinical trials as appropriate, the intended indications for which the new drug may be prescribed and the effectiveness of the new drug when used as intended. The TPD reviews the NDS or SNDS. If the submission meets the requirements of Canada’s Food and Drugs Act and Regulations, the TPD will issue an NOC for the new drug.

Where the TPD has already approved a drug for sale in controlled-release dosages, we may seek approval from the TPD to sell an equivalent generic drug through an ANDS. In certain cases, the TPD does not require the manufacturer of a proposed drug that is claimed to be equivalent to a drug that has already been approved for sale and marketed, to conduct clinical trials; instead, the manufacturer must satisfy the TPD that the drug is bioequivalent to the drug that has already been approved and marketed.

The TPD may deny approval or may require additional testing of a proposed new drug if applicable regulatory criteria are not met. Product approvals may be withdrawn if compliance with regulatory standards is not maintained or if problems occur after the product reaches the market. Contravention of Canada’s Food and Drugs Act and Regulations can result in fines and other sanctions, including product seizures and criminal prosecutions.

Proposals have recently been made that, if implemented, would significantly change Canada’s drug approval system. In general, the recommendations emphasize the need for efficiency in Canadian drug review. Proposals include establishment of a separate agency for drug regulation and modeling the approval system on those found in European Union countries. There is no assurance, however, that such changes will be implemented or, if implemented, will expedite the approval of new drugs.

The Canadian government has regulations which can prohibit the issuance of an NOC for a patented medicine to a generic competitor, provided that the patentee or an exclusive licensee has filed a list of its Canadian patents covering that medicine with the Minister of Health and Welfare. After submitting the list, the patentee or an exclusive licensee can commence a proceeding to obtain an order of prohibition directed to the Minister prohibiting him or her from issuing an NOC. The minister may be prohibited from issuing an NOC permitting the importation or sale of a patented medicine to a generic competitor until patents on the medicine expire or the waiver of infringement and/or validity of the patent(s) in question is resolved by litigation in the manner set out in such regulations. There may be additional patents relating to a company’s proposed manufacture, use or sale of a product that could potentially prohibit such company’s proposed commercialization of a drug compound.

Certain provincial regulatory authorities in Canada have the ability to determine whether the consumers of a drug sold within such province will be reimbursed by a provincial government health plan for that drug by listing drugs on formularies. The listing or non-listing of a drug on provincial formularies may affect the prices of drugs sold within provinces and the volume of drugs sold within provinces.

Additional Regulatory Considerations

Sales of our products by our licensees outside the United States and Canada will be subject to regulatory requirements governing the testing, registration and marketing of pharmaceuticals, which vary widely from country to country.

Under the U.S. Generic Drug Enforcement Act, ANDA applicants (including officers, directors and employees) who are convicted of a crime involving dishonest or fraudulent activity (even outside the FDA regulatory context) are subject to debarment. Debarment is disqualification from submitting or participating in the submission of future ANDAs for a period of years or permanently. The Generic Drug Enforcement Act also authorizes the FDA to refuse to accept ANDAs from any company which employs or uses the services of a debarred individual. We do not believe that we receive any services from any debarred person.

In addition to the regulatory approval process, pharmaceutical companies are subject to regulations under provincial, state and federal law, including requirements regarding occupational safety, laboratory practices, environmental protection and hazardous substance control, and may be subject to other present and future local, provincial, state, federal and foreign regulations, including possible future regulations of the pharmaceutical industry. We believe that we are in compliance in all material respects with such regulations as are currently in effect.

Before medicinal products can be distributed commercially, a submission providing detailed information must be reviewed and approved by the applicable government or agency in the jurisdiction in which the product is to be marketed. The regulatory review and approval process varies from country to country.

The following chart shows the corporate relationship structure of Intellipharmaceutics International Inc. and its three wholly-owned subsidiaries, including jurisdictions of incorporation, as of March 30, 2020.

 

On December 1, 2015, we entered into a lease agreement for a 25,000 square foot facility located at 30 Worcester Road Toronto, Ontario, Canada M9W 5X2 (“30 Worcester Road Facility”), as well as a 40,000 square foot facility on the adjoining property located at 22 Worcester Road, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M9W 5X2, both of which are owned indirectly by the same landlord (“22 Worcester Road Facility”, and together with 30 Worcester Road Facility, the “Combined Properties”) for a five-year term with a five-year renewal option. Basic rent over the five-year term is C$240,000 per annum for the Combined Properties, subject to an annual consumer price inflation adjustment, and we are responsible for utilities, municipal taxes and operating expenses for the leased property. With these two leased premises, we now have use of 65,000 square feet of commercial space to accommodate our growth objectives over the next several years. We also have an option to purchase the Combined Properties after March 1, 2017 until November 30, 2020 based on a fair value purchase formula. We use our 30 Worcester Road Facility as a cGLP research laboratory, office space, and cGMP scale-up and small to medium-scale manufacturing plant for solid oral dosage forms. The 30 Worcester Road Facility consists of approximately 4,900 square feet for administrative space, 4,300 square feet for R&D, 9,200 square feet for manufacturing, and 3,000 square feet for warehousing. The 22 Worcester Road Facility provides approximately 35,000 square feet of warehouse space and approximately 5,000 square feet of office space. The current lease also provides us with a right of first refusal to purchase the Combined Properties. The landlord is required to provide us with at least 60 days prior written notice and the desired sale price for the Combined Properties prior to offering the premises to a third party or on the open market. We have five business days to accept such offer and purchase price for a transaction to close within 60 days of the notice. If we decline the offer, the landlord is entitled to offer and sell the properties for a purchase price of not less than the price offered to us for a period of 180 days, after which time the landlord is again obliged to offer the properties to us before offering them to a third party or on the open market.

We continually monitor our facility requirements in the context of our needs and we expect these requirements to change commensurately with our activities.

Not applicable.

The following discussion and analysis should be read in conjunction with the audited annual consolidated financial statements of the Company and notes thereto. See “Item 18. Financial Statements”. The consolidated financial statements have been prepared in accordance with U.S. GAAP. All amounts are expressed in United States dollars unless otherwise noted. Annual references are to the Company’s fiscal years, which ended on November 30, 2019, 2018 and 2017.

Our results of operations have fluctuated significantly from period to period in the past and are likely to do so in the future. We anticipate that our quarterly and annual results of operations will be impacted for the foreseeable future by several factors, including the timing of approvals to market our product candidates in various jurisdictions and any resulting licensing revenue, milestone revenue, product sales, the number of competitive products and the extent of any aggressive pricing activity, wholesaler buying patterns, the timing and amount of payments received pursuant to our current and future collaborations with third parties, the existence of any first-to-file exclusivity periods, and the progress and timing of expenditures related to our research, development and commercialization efforts. Due to these fluctuations, we presently believe that the period-to-period comparisons of our operating results are not a reliable indication of our future performance.

The following are selected financial data for the years ended November 30, 2019, 2018 and 2017.

	For the years ended
	November 30	November 30	November 30	Change		Change
	2019	2018	2017	2019 vs 2018		2018 vs 2017
	$	$	$	$	%	$	%
Revenue:
Licensing	1,114,031	1,370,607	5,025,350	(256,576)	-19%	(3,654,743)	-73%
Up-front fees	2,366,485	342,124	479,102	2,024,361	592%	(136,978)	-29%
	3,480,516	1,712,731	5,504,452	1,767,785	103%	(3,791,721)	-69%
Cost of goods sold	33,068	124,870	704,006	(91,802)	-74%	(579,136)	-82%
Gross Margin	3,447,448	1,587,861	4,800,446	1,859,587	117%	(3,212,585)	-67%
Expenses:
Research and development	6,608,794	10,827,293	9,271,353	(4,218,499)	-39%	1,555,940	17%
Selling, general and administrative	4,167,801	3,476,450	3,287,914	691,351	20%	188,536	6%
Depreciation	505,803	610,384	506,961	(104,581)	-17%	103,423	20%
	11,282,398	14,914,127	13,066,228	(3,631,729)	-24%	1,847,899	14%
Loss from operations	(7,834,950)	(13,326,266)	(8,265,782)	5,491,316	-41%	(5,060,484)	61%
Net foreign exchange (loss) gain	(25,498)	8,592	(80,093)	(34,090)	-397%	88,685	-111%
Interest income	13,535	227	15,037	13,308	5863%	(14,810)	-98%
Interest expense	(247,516)	(255,231)	(389,239)	7,715	-3%	134,008	-34%
Financing cost	-	(174,802)	(137,363)	174,802	-100%	(37,439)	27%
Gain on settlement of convertible debt	4,419	-	-	4,419	N/A	-	N/A
Net loss before income taxes	(8,090,010)	(13,747,480)	(8,857,440)	5,657,470	-41%	(4,890,040)	55%
Provision for income taxes
Current tax expense	5,678	-	-	5,678	N/A	-	N/A
Deferred tax recovery	(11,042)	-	-	(11,042)	N/A	-	N/A
Net loss and comprehenisve loss	(8,084,646)	(13,747,480)	(8,857,440)	5,662,834	-41%	(4,890,040)	55%

  

Year Ended November 30, 2019 Compared to the Year Ended November 30, 2018

Revenue

The Company recorded revenues of $3,480,516 for the year ended November 30, 2019 versus $1,712,731 for the year ended November 30, 2018. Licensing revenue consisted primarily of commercial sales of the 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35 and 40 mg strengths of generic Focalin XR® under the Par agreement. The higher increased revenue in the year ended November 30, 2019 compared to year ended November 30, 2018 is primarily due to the change in contract term with Mallinckrodt that terminated on August 12, 2019, and the recognition of up-front fees on the termination of the Mallinckrodt agreement.

We entered into separate license and commercial supply agreements with Tris, granting Tris exclusive licenses to market, sell and distribute in the United States Quetiapine Extended-Release (ER) Tablets in the 50, 150, 200, 300 and 400 mg strengths, Desvenlafaxine Succinate ER Tablets in the 50 and 100 mg strengths and Venlafaxine Hydrochloride ER Capsules 37.5 mg, 75 mg and 150 mg, which are all approved for sale in the US market by the FDA.

Cost of goods sold

The Company recorded cost of goods sold of $33,068 for the year ended November 30, 2019 versus $124,870 for the year ended November 30, 2018. Cost of sales reflects the Company’s manufacturing shipments of generic Seroquel XR® to Mallinckrodt.

Research and Development

Expenditures for R&D for the year ended November 30, 2019 were lower by $4,218,499 compared to the year ended November 30, 2018. The decrease is primarily due to significantly lower expenditures in clinical and other biostudies, stock-based compensation, as well as patent litigation expenses partially offset by higher third-party consulting fees.

In the year ended November 30, 2019, we recorded $212,357 of expenses for stock-based compensation for R&D employees compared to $883,064 for the year ended November 30, 2018.

After adjusting for the stock-based compensation expenses discussed above, expenditures for R&D for the year ended November 30, 2019 were lower by $3,547,792 compared to the year ended November 30, 2018. The decrease was mainly due to the decrease in expenditures on clinical studies and other biostudies as well as patent and litigation expenses and was partially offset by higher third-party consulting fees.

Selling, General and Administrative

Selling, general and administrative expenses were $4,167,801 for the year ended November 30, 2019 in comparison to $3,476,450 for the year ended November 30, 2018, resulting in an increase of $691,351. The increase is due to higher expenses related to administrative costs partially offset by a decrease in marketing cost and wages and benefits.

Administrative costs for the year ended November 30, 2019 were $2,783,421 in comparison to $1,793,724 in the year ended November 30, 2018. The increase for the year ended November 30, 2019 was due to the increase in professional and legal fees.

Expenditures for wages and benefits for the year ended November 30, 2019 were $926,574 in comparison to $1,124,568 in the year ended November 30, 2018. For the year ended November 30, 2019, we recorded an expense of $52,211 against expense for stock-based compensation compared to an expense of $44,622 for the year ended November 30, 2018. After adjusting for the stock-based compensation expenses, expenditures for wages for the year ended November 30, 2019 were lower by $205,583 compared to the year ended November 30, 2018. During the year ended November 30, 2019, the Company reduced its head count to 31 employees from 59 as at November 30, 2018 and accrued severance of $180,499 for the terminated employees during the year ended November 30, 2019.

Marketing costs for the year ended November 30, 2019 were $324,586 in comparison to $421,401 in the year ended November 30, 2018. This decrease is primarily the result of a decrease in travel expenditures related to business development and investor relations activities.

Occupancy costs for the year ended November 30, 2019 were $133,220 in comparison to $136,757 for the year ended November 30, 2018.

Depreciation

Depreciation expenses for the year ended November 30, 2019 were $505,803 in comparison to $610,384 in the year ended November 30, 2018. The decrease is primarily due to less investment in production, laboratory and computer equipment during the year ended November 30, 2019.

Foreign Exchange Gain

Foreign exchange loss was $25,498 for the year ended November 30, 2019 in comparison to a gain of $8,592 in the year ended November 30, 2018. The foreign exchange loss for the year ended November 30, 2019 was due to the weakening of the U.S dollar against the Canadian dollar during the year ended November 30, 2019 as the exchange rates changed to $1.00 for C$1.3289 as at November 30, 2019 from $1.00 for C$1.3301 as at November 30, 2018. The foreign exchange gain for the year ended November 30, 2018 was due to the strengthening of the U.S. dollar against the Canadian dollar during the year ended November 30, 2018 as the exchange rates changed to $1.00 for C$1.3301 as at November 30, 2018 from $1.00 for C$1.2888 as at November 30, 2017.

Interest Income

Interest income for the year ended November 30, 2019 was higher by $13,308 in comparison to the prior period. For the year ended November 30, 2019, interest was higher largely due to interest received on input tax credit refunds under the SR&ED incentive program in the third quarter of 2019.

Interest Expense

Interest expense for the year ended November 30, 2019 was $247,516 in comparison to $255,231 in the year ended November 30, 2018. This is primarily due to interest paid in 2019 on the 2013 Debenture and May 2019 Debenture, which accrues interest at 12% annually, interest paid on the 2018 Debenture, which accrues interest at 10% annually, interest paid on the August 2019 Debenture (as defined below), which accrued interest at 8% annually and interest paid on the November 2019 Debenture, which accrues interest at 12% annually and the related 2018 Debenture being accreted at an annual effective interest rate of approximately 7.3%, August 2019 Debenture being accreted at an annual effective interest rate of approximately 77.1% and November 2019 Debenture being accreted at an annual effective interest rate of approximately 152.4% in comparison to the year ended November 30, 2018 when the interest expense was related to the interest paid on the 2013 Debenture which accrued interest payable at 12% annually and 2018 Debenture which accrues interest payable at 10% annually and the related 2018 Debenture being accreted at an annual effective interest rate of approximately 7.3%.

Net Loss

The Company recorded net loss for the year ended November 30, 2019 of $8,084,646 or $0.37 per common share, compared with a net loss of $13,747,480 or $2.89 per common share for the year ended November 30, 2018. In the year ended November 30, 2019, the lower net loss is attributed to the higher recognition of Mallinckrodt upfront fees due to the change in contract term with Mallinckrodt which was terminated effective August 12, 2019 compared to the original ten-year term combined with increased administrative expense related to professional and legal fees and decreased R&D expenses. In the year ended November 30, 2018, the net loss was attributed to lower recognition of Mallinckrodt upfront fees combined with increased R&D expenses.

Year Ended November 30, 2018 Compared to the Year Ended November 30, 2017

Revenue

The Company recorded revenues of $1,712,731 for the year ended November 30, 2018 versus $5,504,452 for the year ended November 30, 2017. Such revenues consisted primarily of licensing revenues from commercial sales of the 15, 25, 30 and 35 mg strengths of our generic Focalin XR® under the Par agreement. The decrease in revenues in the year ended November 30, 2018 compared to year ended November 30, 2017 is primarily due to considerably lower profit share payments from sales of generic Focalin XR® capsules in the U.S. Beginning in early 2018, we began to see a significant impact from aggressive pricing by competitors, resulting in a marked increase in gross-to-net deductions such as wholesaler rebates, chargebacks and pricing adjustments. While the gross-to-net deductions fluctuate on a quarter over quarter basis, profit share payments for the last several quarters have shown decline over the same period in the prior year.

Revenues from generic Seroquel XR® were well below levels expected at the launch of the product in 2017, primarily due to the Company’s commercial partner entering the market later than planned. Several initiatives to gain market share had shown some improved returns, however, the product did not achieve meaningful market penetration. The Mallinckrodt agreement was terminated effective August 12, 2019.

Cost of goods sold

The Company recorded cost of goods sold of $124,870 for the year ended November 30, 2018 versus $704,006 for the year ended November 30, 2017. Cost of sales reflects the Company’s manufacturing shipments of generic Seroquel XR® to Mallinckrodt.

Research and Development

Expenditures for R&D for the year ended November 30, 2018 were higher by $1,555,940 compared to the year ended November 30, 2017. The increase is primarily due to higher third party consulting fees and higher patent litigation expenses.

In the year ended November 30, 2018, we recorded $883,064 of expenses for stock-based compensation for R&D employees compared to $1,654,051 for the year ended November 30, 2017, of which $793,795 was for expenses related to performance-based stock options which vested on FDA approval for venlafaxine hydrochloride extended-release capsules in November 2018, and for the year ended November 30, 2017, $1,577,772 of the expenses for stock-based compensation was for expenses related to performance-based stock options which vested on FDA approval for metformin hydrochloride extended release tablets in February 2017 and FDA approval of our quetiapine fumarate extended release tablets in May 2017.

After adjusting for the stock-based compensation expenses discussed above, expenditures for R&D for the year ended November 30, 2018 were higher by $2,326,927 compared to the year ended November 30, 2017. The increase was primarily due to an increase in third party R&D expenditures as a result of clinical trials for Oxycodone ER and higher patent litigation expenses.

Selling, General and Administrative

Selling, general and administrative expenses were $3,476,450 for the year ended November 30, 2018 in comparison to $3,287,914 for the year ended November 30, 2017, an increase of $188,536. The increase is due to higher expenses related to administrative costs, partially offset by a decrease in wages and marketing cost.

Administrative costs for the year ended November 30, 2018 were $1,793,724 in comparison to $1,402,253 in the year ended November 30, 2017. The increase for the year ended November 30, 2018 was due to the increase in professional fees and legal fees.

Expenditures for wages and benefits for the year ended November 30, 2018 were $1,124,568 in comparison to $1,240,361 in the year ended November 30, 2017. For the year ended November 30, 2018, we recorded $44,622 as expense for stock-based compensation compared to an expense of $95,948 for the year ended November 30, 2017. After adjusting for the stock-based compensation expenses, expenditures for wages for the year ended November 30, 2018 were lower by $64,467 compared to the year ended November 30, 2017.

Marketing costs for the year ended November 30, 2018 were $421,401 in comparison to $502,688 in the year ended November 30, 2017. This decrease is primarily the result of a decrease in travel expenditures related to business development and investor relations activities.

Occupancy costs for the year ended November 30, 2018 were $136,757 in comparison to $142,612 for the year ended November 30, 2017. The slight decrease is due to lower facility operating expenses.

Depreciation

Depreciation expenses for the year ended November 30, 2018 were $610,384 in comparison to $506,961 in the year ended November 30, 2017. The increase is primarily due to the additional investment in production, laboratory and computer equipment during the year ended November 30, 2018.

Foreign Exchange Gain

Foreign exchange gain was $8,592 for the year ended November 30, 2018 in comparison to a loss of $80,093 in the year ended November 30, 2017. The foreign exchange gain for the year ended November 30, 2018 was due to the strengthening of the U.S. dollar against the Canadian dollar during the year ended November 30, 2018 as the exchange rates changed to $1.00 for C$1.3301 as at November 30, 2018 from $1.00 for C$1.2888 as at November 30, 2017. The foreign exchange loss for the year ended November 30, 2017 was due to the weakening of the U.S. dollar against the Canadian dollar during the year ended November 30, 2017 as the exchange rates changed to $1.00 for C$1.2888 as at November 30, 2017 from $1.00 for C$1.3429 as at November 30, 2016.

Interest Income

Interest income for the year ended November 30, 2018 was lower by $14,810 in comparison to the prior period. For the year ended November 30, 2018 interest was lower largely due to interest received on input tax credit refunds under the SR&ED incentive program in the third quarter of 2017.

Interest Expense

Interest expense for the year ended November 30, 2018 was lower by $134,008 compared with the prior year. This is primarily due to interest expense paid on the 2013 Debenture, which accrued interest payable at 12% annually, as well as the 2018 Debenture, which accrues interest payable at 10% annually, and the related debenture being accreted at an annual effective interest of approximately 4.9% during the 2018 fiscal year in comparison to the fiscal year 2017 when we had only the 2013 Debenture with an effective interest of approximately 15.2%.

Net Loss

The Company recorded net loss for the year ended November 30, 2018 of $13,747,480 or $2.89 per common share, compared with a net loss of $8,857,440 or $2.86 per common share for the year ended November 30, 2017. In the year ended November 30, 2018, the higher net loss is attributed to the lower licensing revenues from commercial sales of generic Focalin XR® and lower licensing revenues from Quetiapine ER our generic Seroquel XR® (quetiapine fumarate extended-release) combined with increased third party R&D expenses primarily related to clinical trials for the Company’s Oxycodone ER product, legal and other administrative expenses. In the year ended November 30, 2017, the net loss was attributed to the ongoing R&D and selling, general and administrative expenses, partially offset by licensing revenues from commercial sales of generic Focalin XR® and, to a lesser extent, sales of generic Seroquel XR® shipped to Mallinckrodt.

	For the year ended
	November 30,	November 30,	November 30,
	2019	2018	2017	Change (2019 vs 2018)		Change (2018 vs 2017)
	$	$	$	$	%	$	%
Cash flows used in operating activities	(6,663,677)	(12,508,960)	(6,105,785)	5,845,283	-47%	(6,403,175)	105%
Cash flows provided from financing activities	100,896	17,354,954	5,682,168	(17,254,058)	-99%	11,672,786	205%
Cash flows used in investing activities	(14,474)	(101,178)	(1,823,746)	86,704	-86%	1,722,568	-94%
(Decrease) increase in cash	(6,577,255)	4,744,816	(2,247,363)	(11,322,071)	-239%	6,992,179	-311%
Cash, beginning of year	6,641,877	1,897,061	4,144,424	4,744,816	250%	(2,247,363)	-54%
Cash, end of year	64,622	6,641,877	1,897,061	(6,577,255)	-99%	4,744,816	250%