UNITED STATES

SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION

Washington, D.C. 20549

FORM 10-Q

☒	QUARTERLY REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the quarterly period ended June 30, 2020

☐	TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15 (d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the transition period from ______ to ______.

Commission File Number: 001-38552

PROVENTION BIO, INC.

(Exact Name of Registrant as Specified in its Charter)

Delaware

81-5245912

(State or other jurisdiction

of incorporation or organization)

(I.R.S. Employer

Identification No.)

P.O. Box 666, Oldwick, New Jersey		08858
(Address of registrant’s principal executive offices)		(Zip code)

(908) 336-0360

(Registrant’s telephone number, including area code)

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant: (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. Yes ☒ No ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files). Yes ☒ No ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, a smaller reporting company, or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer,” “smaller reporting company,” and “emerging growth company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.

Large accelerated filer ☐	Accelerated filer ☒
Non-accelerated filer ☐	Smaller reporting company ☒
	Emerging growth company ☒

If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. ☒

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act). Yes ☐ No ☒

Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:

Title of Each Class		Trading Symbol(s)		Name of Each Exchanged on Which Registered
Common Stock, $0.0001 par value per share		PRVB		The Nasdaq Global Select Market

As of the close of business on August 3, 2020, 56,280,086 common shares, $0.0001 par value per share, of the registrant were issued and outstanding.

Provention Bio, Inc.

Form 10-Q

For the Quarter Ended June 30, 2020

Table of Contents

Item		Page

PART I. Financial information

1.	Condensed Financial Statements	4
	Condensed Balance Sheets at June 30, 2020 (unaudited) and December 31, 2019	4
	Condensed Statements of Comprehensive Loss (unaudited) for the three and six months ended June 30, 2020 and 2019	5
	Condensed Statements of Changes in Stockholders’ Equity (unaudited) for the three and six months ended June 30, 2020 and 2019	6
	Condensed Statements of Cash Flows (unaudited) for the six months ended June 30, 2020 and 2019	7
	Notes to Condensed Financial Statements (unaudited)	8
2.	Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations	21
3.	Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk	35
4.	Controls and Procedures	35

PART II. Other Information
1.	Legal Proceedings
1A.	Risk Factors	36
2.	Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities and Use of Proceeds	36
3.	Defaults Upon Senior Securities	37
4.	Mine Safety Disclosures	38
5.	Other Information	38
6.	Exhibits	39
	Signatures	40

CAUTIONARY NOTE REGARDING FORWARD-LOOKING STATEMENTS

This Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q contains forward-looking statements that involve substantial risks and uncertainties. These forward-looking statements are made pursuant to the safe harbor provisions of the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995 under Section 27A of the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, and Section 21E of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended. All statements, other than statements of historical facts, contained in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q, including statements regarding our strategy, future operations, future financial position, future revenues, projected costs, prospects, plans and objectives of management, are forward-looking statements. The words “believe,” “may,” “potentially,” “estimate,” “continue,” “anticipate,” “intend,” “could,” “would,” “project,” “plan,” “expect” and similar expressions that convey uncertainty of future events or outcomes are intended to identify forward-looking statements, although not all forward-looking statements contain these identifying words. These forward-looking statements include, but are not limited to, statements concerning the following:

	●	our lack of operating history;

	●	the expectation that we will incur operating losses for the foreseeable future;

	●	our current and future capital requirements to support our development and commercialization efforts for our product candidates and our ability to satisfy our capital needs;

	●	our dependence on our product candidates, which are in various stages of clinical development or still in preclinical development;

	●	the potential safety and efficacy of our product candidates in target patient populations and their commercial potential;

	●	our ability to obtain, or potential delays in obtaining, regulatory approval from the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA), the European Medicines Agency (EMA), and other regulatory authorities for our product candidates, such as PRV-031 in the At-Risk indication, including the potential impact of insufficient clinical data, requirements to demonstrate the comparability of our current third party manufacturing process with that of previous manufacturing processes by other companies, and the complexity of the review process by the FDA;

	●	failure to maintain regulatory approval for our product candidates, if received;

	●	our, or that of our third-party manufacturers, ability to manufacture Good Manufacturing Practice (GMP) batches of our product candidates as required for pre-clinical and clinical trials and, subsequently, our ability to manufacture commercial quantities of our product candidates;

	●	our ability to attract and retain key executives and medical, scientific and commercial personnel;

	●	our ability to complete required clinical trials for our product candidates;

	●	our ability to build a commercial organization, including sales and marketing, and successfully commercialize our product candidates if we obtain regulatory approval;

	●	our dependence on third-parties to manufacture our product candidates;

	●	our reliance on third-party contract research organizations (CROs) to conduct our clinical trials, including those in the U.S. and internationally;

	●	the severity, magnitude and duration of the COVID-19 pandemic, including impacts of the pandemic on our ability to recruit candidates for clinical trials or to raise capital to support the development and commercialization of our product candidates;

	●	our ability to maintain or protect the validity of our licensed patents and other intellectual property;

	●	our ability to internally develop new inventions and intellectual property;

	●	our ability to compete within the market for our product candidates, if approved;

	●	interpretations of current laws and the passages of future laws;

	●	acceptance of our business model by investors;

	●	the accuracy of our estimates regarding expenses and capital requirements; and

	●	our ability to adequately support organizational and business growth.

Any forward-looking statements in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q reflect our current views with respect to future events or to our future financial performance and involve known and unknown risks, uncertainties and other factors that may cause our actual results, performance or achievements to be materially different from any future results, performance or achievements expressed or implied by these forward-looking statements. Factors that may cause actual results to differ materially from current expectations include, among other things, those listed under Part II, Item 1A. Risk Factors and elsewhere in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q. Given these uncertainties, you should not place undue reliance on these forward-looking statements. The forward-looking statements contained in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q are made as of the date of this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q. Except as required by law, we assume no obligation to update or revise these forward-looking statements for any reason, even if new information becomes available in the future.

We may from time to time provide estimates, projections and other information concerning our industry, the general business environment, and the markets for certain diseases, including estimates regarding the potential size of those markets and the estimated incidence and prevalence of certain medical conditions. Information that is based on estimates, forecasts, projections, market research or similar methodologies is inherently subject to uncertainties, and actual events, circumstances or numbers, including actual disease prevalence rates and market size, may differ materially from the information reflected in this Quarterly Report. Unless otherwise expressly stated, we obtain this industry, business information, market data, prevalence information and other data from reports, research surveys, studies and similar data prepared by market research firms and other third parties, industry, medical and general publications, government data, and similar sources, in some cases applying our own assumptions and analysis that may, in the future, prove not to have been accurate.

PART I. FINANCIAL INFORMATION

ITEM 1.

CONDENSED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

PROVENTION BIO, INC.

CONDENSED BALANCE SHEETS (unaudited)

(in thousands, except share and per share data)

	June 30, 2020		December 31, 2019

ASSETS
Current assets:
Cash and cash equivalents	$	145,887	$	39,165
Marketable securities		26,268		46,208
Prepaid expenses and other current assets		3,600		623
Total assets	$	175,755	$	85,996
LIABILITIES AND STOCKHOLDERS’ EQUITY
Current liabilities:
Accounts payable	$	7,828	$	1,775
Accrued expenses		4,151		2,065
Total current liabilities		11,979		3,840

Commitments and Contingencies (Note 6)

Stockholders’ equity:
Preferred stock, $0.0001 par value; 25,000,000 shares authorized; no shares issued or outstanding at June 30, 2020 and December 31, 2019		—		—
Common stock, $0.0001 par value; 100,000,000 shares authorized; 56,215,596 shares issued and outstanding at June 30, 2020; 47,658,361 shares issued and outstanding at December 31, 2019		6		5
Additional paid-in capital		277,437		161,212
Accumulated other comprehensive income		98		—
Accumulated deficit		(113,765)		(79,061)
Total stockholders’ equity		163,776		82,156
Total liabilities, preferred stock and stockholders’ equity	$	175,755	$	85,996

The accompanying unaudited notes are an integral part of the condensed financial statements.

PROVENTION BIO, INC.

CONDENSED STATEMENTS OF COMPREHENSIVE LOSS (unaudited)

(in thousands, except per share data)

	Three Months Ended June 30,		Three Months Ended June 30,		Six Months Ended June 30,		Six Months Ended June 30,
	2020		2019		2020		2019
Operating expenses:
Research and development	$	15,032	$	10,550	$	24,122	$	20,572
General and administrative		7,764		1,707		11,539		2,944
Total operating expenses		22,796		12,257		35,661		23,516

Loss from operations		(22,796)		(12,257)		(35,661)		(23,516)
Interest income		151		253		434		540
Loss before income tax benefit		(22,645)		(12,004)		(35,227)		(22,976)
Income tax benefit		523		—		523		—
Net loss	$	(22,122)	$	(12,004)		(34,704)		(22,976)

Net loss per common share, basic and diluted	$	(0.45)	$	(0.32)	$	(0.72)	$	(0.61)
Weighted average common shares outstanding, basic and diluted		49,199		37,363		48,449		37,362

Net loss	$	(22,122)	$	(12,004)	$	(34,704)	$	(22,976)
Other comprehensive income (loss):
Unrealized gain (loss) on marketable securities		(112)		—		98		—
Total comprehensive loss	$	(22,234)	$	(12,004)	$	(34,606)	$	(22,976)

The accompanying unaudited notes are an integral part of the condensed financial statements.

PROVENTION BIO, INC.

CONDENSED STATEMENT OF STOCKHOLDERS’ EQUITY (unaudited)

(in thousands, except per share data)

			Common Stock
	Common Stock				Additional Paid-In		Accumulated Other Comprehensive		Accumulated		Total Stockholders’
	Shares		Amount		Capital		Income		Deficit		Equity

Balance at January 1, 2020		47,658	$	5	$	161,212	$	—	$	(79,061)	$	82,156
Stock-based compensation		—		—		1,236		—		—		1,236
Issuance of common stock in connection with underwritten public offering, net of issuance costs
Issuance of common stock in connection with underwritten public offering, net of issuance costs, shares
Issuance of common stock in connection with at-the-market stock sales, net of issuance costs
Issuance of common stock in connection with at-the-market stock sales, net of issuance costs, shares
Issuance of common stock in connection with warrant exercises
Issuance of common stock in connection with warrant exercises, shares
Issuance of common stock in connection with stock option exercises		55		—		194		—		—		194
Unrealized gain (loss) on marketable securities, net of tax		—		—		—		210		—		210
Net loss		—		—		—		—		(12,582)		(12,582)
Balance at March 31, 2020		47,713	$	5	$	162,642	$	210	$	(91,643)	$	71,214
Balance at April 01, 2020		47,713	$	5	$	162,642	$	210	$	(91,643)	$	71,214
Stock-based compensation		—		—		1,277		—		—		1,277
Issuance of common stock in connection with underwritten public offering, net of issuance costs		7,590		1		103,269		—		—		103,270
Issuance of common stock in connection with at-the-market stock sales, net of issuance costs		725		—		9,869		—		—		9,869
Issuance of common stock in connection with warrant exercises		130		—		—		—		—		—
Issuance of common stock in connection with stock option exercises		58		—		380		—		—		380
Unrealized gain (loss) on marketable securities, net of tax		—		—		—		(112)		—		(112)
Net loss		—		—		—		—		(22,122)		(22,122)
Balance at June 30, 2020		56,216	$	6	$	277,437	$	98	$	(113,765)	$	163,776

			Common Stock
	Common Stock				Additional Paid-In		Accumulated Other Comprehensive		Accumulated		Total Stockholders’
	Shares		Amount		Capital		Income		Deficit		Equity

Balance at January 1, 2019		37,362	$	4	$	95,430	$	—	$	(35,776)	$	59,658
Stock-based compensation		—		—		244		—		—		244
Issuance of common stock in connection with underwritten public offering, net of issuance costs
Issuance of common stock in connection with at-the-market stock sales, net of issuance costs
Issuance of common stock in connection with warrant exercises
Issuance of common stock in connection with warrant exercises, shares
Issuance of common stock in connection with stock option exercises
Issuance of common stock in connection with stock option exercises, shares
Unrealized gain (loss) on marketable securities, net of tax
Net loss		—		—		—		—		(10,972)		(10,972)
Balance at March 31, 2019		37,362	$	4	$	95,674	$	—	$	(46,748)	$	48,930
Balance at April 01, 2019		37,362	$	4	$	95,674	$	—	$	(46,748)	$	48,930
Stock-based compensation		—		—		461		—		—		461
Issuance of common stock in connection with underwritten public offering, net of issuance costs
Issuance of common stock in connection with at-the-market stock sales, net of issuance costs
Issuance of common stock in connection with warrant exercises
Issuance of common stock in connection with warrant exercises, shares
Issuance of common stock in connection with stock option exercises		8		—		21		—		—		21
Unrealized gain (loss) on marketable securities, net of tax
Net loss		—		—		—		—		(12,004)		(12,004)
Balance at June 30, 2019		37,370	$	4	$	96,156	$	—	$	(58,752)	$	37,408

The accompanying unaudited notes are an integral part of the condensed financial statements.

PROVENTION BIO, INC.

CONDENSED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS (unaudited)

(in thousands)

	Six Months Ended June 30,		Six Months Ended June 30,
	2020		2019
Operating activities
Net loss	$	(34,704)	$	(22,976)
Adjustments to reconcile net loss to net cash used in operating activities:
Stock-based compensation expense		2,513		705
Amortization of premium and discounts on marketable securities		44		—

Changes in operating assets and liabilities:
Prepaid expenses and other current assets		(2,977)		1,803
Accounts payable		6,053		3,233
Accrued interest receivable		43		—
Accrued expenses		2,086		(66)
Net cash used in operating activities		(26,942)		(17,301)

Investing activities
Purchase of marketable securities		(9,049)		—
Maturities of marketable securities		29,000		—
Net cash provided by investing activities		19,951		—

Financing activities
Proceeds from underwritten public offering, net		103,270		—
Proceeds from at-the-market stock sales, net		9,869		—
Proceeds from stock option exercises		574		21
Net cash provided by financing activities		113,713		21

Net increase (decrease) in cash and cash equivalents		106,722		(17,280)
Cash and cash equivalents at beginning of period		39,165		58,539
Cash and cash equivalents at end of period	$	145,887	$	41,259

The accompanying unaudited notes are an integral part of the condensed financial statements.

PROVENTION BIO, INC.

NOTES TO CONDENSED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (unaudited)

(tabular dollars and shares in thousands, except per share data)

1. DESCRIPTION OF BUSINESS AND BASIS OF PRESENTATION

Business

Provention Bio, Inc. (the “Company”) was incorporated on October 4, 2016 under the laws of the State of Delaware. The Company is a clinical stage biopharmaceutical company, focused on the development and commercialization of novel therapeutics and innovative approaches to intercept and prevent immune-mediated diseases. Since its inception, the Company has devoted substantially all of its efforts to business planning, research and development, recruiting management and technical staff, acquiring operating assets and raising capital. The Company’s business is subject to significant risks and uncertainties and will be dependent on raising substantial additional capital before it becomes profitable and it may never achieve profitability.

Basis of Presentation

The accompanying unaudited financial information as of June 30, 2020 and for the three and six months ended June 30, 2020 and 2019 has been prepared by the Company pursuant to the rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission (“SEC”). Certain information and footnote disclosures normally included in financial statements prepared in accordance with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles (“GAAP”) have been condensed or omitted pursuant to such rules and regulations. The December 31, 2019 Condensed Balance Sheet was derived from the Company’s audited financial statements. These interim financial statements should be read in conjunction with the notes to the financial statements contained in the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K (“Annual Report”) for 2019, as filed with the SEC on March 12, 2020, as amended by Amendment No. 1 on Form 10-K/A, and filed with the SEC on April 8, 2020 and as further amended by Amendment No. 2 on Form 10-K/A, and filed with the SEC on August 6, 2020.

In the opinion of management, the unaudited financial information as of June 30, 2020 and for the three and six months ended June 30, 2020 and 2019, reflects all adjustments, which are normal recurring adjustments, necessary to present a fair statement of the financial position, results of operations and cash flows of the Company. The results of operations for the three and six months ended June 30, 2020 and 2019 are not necessarily indicative of the operating results for the full fiscal year or any future period.

2. LIQUIDITY

The accompanying financial statements have been prepared assuming the Company will continue as a going concern, which contemplates continuity of operations, realization of assets and the satisfaction of liabilities and commitments in the normal course of business. The Company has incurred recurring losses since inception and as of June 30, 2020, the Company had an accumulated deficit of $113.8 million. To date, the Company has not generated any revenues and has financed its operations primarily through equity offerings.

In April 2017, the Company completed its private placement of Series A Convertible Redeemable Preferred Stock (the “Series A Offering”). The Company issued an aggregate 11,381,999 shares of Series A Convertible Redeemable Preferred Stock at $2.50 per share. The Company received net proceeds of $26.7 million.

In July 2018, the Company issued and sold an aggregate of 15,969,563 shares of common stock in its initial public offering (“IPO”) at a public offering price of $4.00 per share. In connection with the IPO, the Company issued to MDB Capital Group, LLC (“MDB”), the underwriter in the IPO, and its designees warrants to purchase 1,596,956 shares of Common Stock at an exercise price of $5.00 per share. The Company received net proceeds from the IPO of $59.3 million, after deducting underwriting discounts and commissions of approximately $3.7 million and other offering expenses of approximately $0.8 million. Upon the closing of the IPO, all of the Company’s shares of redeemable convertible preferred stock outstanding at the time of the offering were automatically converted into 11,381,999 shares of common stock. In addition, the warrants issued in connection with the Series A Convertible Redeemable Preferred Stock also converted to warrants for the purchase of 558,740 shares of the Company’s common stock.

In September 2019, the Company completed an underwritten public offering in which it sold 5,750,000 shares of common stock at a public offering price of $8.00 per share. The 5,750,000 shares sold included the full exercise of the underwriters’ option to purchase 750,000 shares at a price of $8.00 per share. Concurrent with the underwritten public offering, the Company sold 2,500,000 shares of common stock to Amgen, Inc. at the public offering price of $8.00 per share in a private placement, pursuant to the terms of the Company’s License and Collaboration Agreement with Amgen Inc, dated as of November 5, 2018. Aggregate net proceeds from the underwritten public offering and the concurrent private placement were $62.7 million, net of approximately $2.8 million in underwriting discounts and commissions and other offering expenses of $0.5 million.

In August 2019, the Company established an at-the-market (“ATM”) program through which the Company may sell, from time to time at its sole discretion, up to $50 million of shares of its common stock. The Company has sold 725,495 shares of common stock for aggregate net proceeds of approximately $9.9 million, net of $0.3 million in sales commissions, under the ATM program, all of which occurred during the quarter ended June 30, 2020.

In June 2020, the Company completed an underwritten public offering in which it sold 7,590,000 shares of common stock at a public offering price of $14.50 per share. The 7,590,000 shares sold included the full exercise of the underwriters’ option to purchase 990,000 shares at a price of $14.50 per share. The Company received net proceeds from the underwritten public offering of $103.3 million, after deducting underwriting discounts and commissions of approximately $6.6 million and other offering expenses of $0.2 million.

The Company has devoted substantially all of its financial resources and efforts to research and development and expects to continue to incur significant expenses and increasing operating losses over the next several years due to, among other things, costs related to research funding, development of its product candidates and its preclinical programs, strategic alliances, the development of its administrative and commercial organization and pre-commercial activities for PRV-031. The Company’s net losses may fluctuate significantly from quarter to quarter and year to year.

The Company will require substantial additional financing to fund its operations and to continue to execute its strategy. The Company intends to raise capital through public or private equity or debt financings. The sale of equity and other securities may result in dilution to the Company’s stockholders and certain of those securities may have rights senior to those of the Company’s existing shares. If the Company raises additional funds through the issuance of preferred stock, convertible debt securities or other debt financing, these securities or other debt could contain covenants that would restrict the Company’s operations. Any other third-party funding arrangement could require the Company to relinquish valuable rights. The source, timing and availability of any future financing will depend principally upon market conditions, and, more specifically, on the progress of the Company’s clinical development programs. Funding may not be available when needed, at all, or on terms acceptable to the Company. Lack of necessary funds may require the Company, among other things, to delay, scale back or eliminate some or all of the Company’s planned operations.

Based on the Company’s business plans, management believes that its cash, cash equivalents and marketable securities on hand at June 30, 2020 are sufficient to meet the Company’s obligations for at least the next 12 months from the issuance of these financial statements.

3. SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES

A summary of the significant accounting policies followed by the Company in the preparation of the financial statements is as follows:

Use of estimates

The process of preparing financial statements in conformity with GAAP requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and disclosure of assets and liabilities at the date of financial statements and the reported amounts of expenses during the reporting period. Actual results could differ from those estimates and changes in estimates may occur.

Segment and geographic information

Operating segments are defined as components of an enterprise about which separate discrete information is available for evaluation by the chief operating decision maker, or decision-making group, in deciding how to allocate resources and in assessing performance. The Company views its operations and manages its business in one operating and reporting segment.

Cash, cash equivalents and concentration of credit risk

The Company considers only those investments which are highly liquid, readily convertible to cash, or that mature within 90 days from the date of purchase to be cash equivalents. Marketable securities are those investments with original maturities in excess of 90 days. The carrying amounts reported in the balance sheets for cash and cash equivalents are valued at cost, which approximates their fair value.

The Company has no significant off-balance-sheet concentration of credit risk such as foreign exchange contracts, option contracts or other hedging arrangements. The Company holds cash and cash equivalents in banks in excess of FDIC insurance limits. However, the Company believes risk of loss is minimal as the cash and cash equivalents are held by large, highly-rated financial institutions.

Marketable securities

The Company considers securities with original maturities of greater than 90 days to be available for sale securities. Available for sale securities are classified as either current or non-current assets based on the nature of the securities and their availability for use in current operations. Available for sale securities are recorded at fair value and unrealized gains and losses are recorded within accumulated other comprehensive income. The estimated fair value of the available for sale securities is determined based on quoted market prices or rates for similar instruments. In addition, the cost of debt securities in this category is adjusted for amortization of premium and accretion of discount to maturity.

On a quarterly basis, the Company reviews the status of each security in an unrealized loss position, to evaluate the existence of potential credit losses. The Company first considers whether it intends to sell, or if it is more likely than not that the Company will be required to sell the security before recovery of its amortized cost basis. If either of the criteria regarding intent or requirement to sell is met, the security’s amortized cost basis is written down to fair value through income. For securities that do not meet this criteria, the Company considers a number of factors to determine if the decline in fair value has resulted from credit losses or other factors, including but not limited to: (1) the extent of the decline; (2) changes to the rating of the security by a rating agency; (3) any adverse conditions specific to the security; and (4) other market conditions that may affect the fair value of the security. If this assessment indicates that a credit loss exists and the present value of cash flows expected to be collected is less than the amortized cost basis, an allowance for credit losses is required for the credit loss. Any impairment that has not been recorded through an allowance for credit losses is recognized in other comprehensive income. As of June 30, 2020, the Company had no available for sale securities in an unrealized loss position.

The Company’s available for sale securities are solely invested in U.S. Treasury and U.S. Government Agency securities.

Financial instruments

Cash, cash equivalents and marketable securities are reflected in the accompanying financial statements at fair value. The carrying amount of accounts payable and accrued expenses, including accrued research and development expenses, approximates fair value due to the short-term nature of those instruments.

Foreign currency translation

The Company considers the U.S. dollar to be its functional currency. Expenses denominated in foreign currencies are translated at the exchange rate on the date the expense is incurred. The effect of exchange rate fluctuations on translating foreign currency assets and liabilities into U.S. dollars is included in the Statements of Comprehensive Loss. Foreign exchange transaction gains and losses are included in the results of operations and are not material in the Company’s financial statements.

Research and development expenses

Research and development expenses primarily consist of costs associated with the preclinical and clinical development of our product candidate portfolio, including the following:

	●	external research and development expenses incurred under arrangements with third parties, such as contract research organizations (CROs) and other vendors and contract manufacturing organizations (CMOs) for the production of drug substance and drug product; and

	●	employee-related expenses, including salaries, benefits and share-based compensation expense.

Research and development expenses also include costs of acquired product licenses and related technology rights where there is no alternative future use, costs of prototypes used in research and development, consultant fees and amounts paid to certain of our collaborative partners.

All research and development expenses are charged to operations as incurred in accordance with Financial Accounting Standards Board Accounting Standards Codification Topic, or ASC, 730, Research and Development. The Company accounts for non-refundable advance payments for goods and services that will be used in future research and development activities as expenses when the service has been performed or when the goods have been received, rather than when the payment is made.

Accrued research and development expenses

As part of the process of preparing our financial statements, the Company is required to estimate its accrued expenses. This process involves reviewing quotations and contracts, identifying services that have been performed on the Company’s behalf and estimating the level of service performed and the associated cost incurred for the service when the Company has not yet been invoiced or otherwise notified of the actual cost. The majority of the Company’s service providers invoice the Company monthly in arrears for services performed or when contractual milestones are met. The Company makes estimates of its accrued expenses as of each balance sheet date in our financial statements based on facts and circumstances known to the Company at that time. The Company periodically confirms the accuracy of its estimates with the service providers and make adjustments if necessary. The significant estimates in the Company’s accrued research and development expenses are related to expenses incurred with respect to CROs, CMOs and other vendors in connection with research and development and manufacturing activities.

The Company bases its expense related to CROs and CMOs on its estimates of the services received and efforts expended pursuant to quotations and contracts with such vendors that conduct research and development and manufacturing activities on our behalf. The financial terms of these agreements are subject to negotiation, vary from contract to contract and may result in uneven payment flows. There may be instances in which payments made to the Company’s vendors will exceed the level of services provided and result in a prepayment of the applicable research and development or manufacturing expense. In accruing service fees, the Company estimates the time period over which services will be performed and the level of effort to be expended in each period. If the actual timing of the performance of services or the level of effort varies from its estimate, the Company adjusts the accrual or prepaid expense accordingly. Although the Company does not expect its estimates to be materially different from amounts actually incurred, the Company’s understanding of the status and timing of services performed relative to the actual status and timing of services performed may vary and could result in us reporting amounts that are too high or too low in any particular period. There have been no material changes in estimates for the periods presented.

Stock-based compensation expense

The Company follows the provisions of ASC 718, Compensation—Stock Compensation, which requires the measurement and recognition of compensation expense for all share-based payment awards made to employees and non-employees, including stock options. Stock-based compensation expense is based on the grant date fair value estimated in accordance with the provisions of ASC 718 and is generally recognized as an expense over the requisite service period. For grants containing performance-based vesting provisions, the grant-date fair value of the performance-based stock options is recognized as compensation expense once it is probable that the performance condition will be achieved. The Company accounts for actual forfeitures in the period the forfeiture occurs.

Stock Options

The Company estimates the fair value of stock options on the date of grant using the Black-Scholes option-pricing model. Due to the lack of trading history, the Company’s computation of stock-price volatility is based on the volatility rates of comparable publicly held companies over a period equal to the expected term of the options granted by the Company. The Company’s computation of expected term is determined using the “simplified” method, which is the midpoint between the vesting date and the end of the contractual term. The Company believes that it does not have sufficient reliable exercise data in order to justify the use of a method other than the “simplified” method of estimating the expected exercise term of employee stock option grants. The Company utilizes a dividend yield of zero based on the fact that the Company has never paid cash dividends to stockholders and has no current intentions to pay cash dividends. The risk-free interest rate is based on the zero-coupon U.S. Treasury yield at the date of grant for a term equivalent to the expected term of the option.

Stock-based compensation expense is included in both research and development expenses and general and administrative expenses in the Statements of Comprehensive Loss.

Income taxes

The Company utilizes the liability method of accounting for deferred income taxes, as set forth in ASC 740, Income Taxes. Under this method, deferred tax assets and liabilities are recognized for the expected future tax consequences of temporary differences between the carrying amounts and the tax basis of assets and liabilities. A valuation allowance is established against deferred tax assets when, based on the weight of available evidence, it is more likely than not that some or all of the deferred tax assets will not be realized. The Company’s policy is to record interest and penalties on uncertain tax positions as income tax expense.

Recent accounting pronouncements

The Company considers the applicability and impact of all Accounting Standards Updates (“ASUs”). ASUs not discussed below were assessed and determined to be either not applicable or are expected to have minimal impact on the Company’s financial statements.

In February 2016, the FASB issued ASU No. 2016-02, Leases (Topic 842) (“ASU 2016-02”), which requires lessees to recognize assets and liabilities for the rights and obligations created by most leases on their balance sheet. Effective January 1, 2019, the Company adopted ASU 2016-02. The adoption had no impact on the Company’s financial statements and related disclosures as the Company did not have any lease agreements at the time of adoption. See Note 13 – Subsequent Events for disclosure of a lease the Company entered into in July 2020.

In June 2016, the FASB issued ASU No. 2016-13, Financial Instruments – Credit Losses (Topic 326): Measurement of Credit Losses on Financial Instruments, which replaces the incurred loss impairment methodology in current U.S. GAAP with a methodology that reflects expected credit losses and requires consideration of a broader range of reasonable and supportable information to inform credit loss estimates. Effective January 1, 2020, the Company adopted ASU 2016-13 using the modified retrospective method for all financial assets measured at amortized cost. Results for reporting periods beginning after January 1, 2020 are presented under ASC 326 (Financial Instruments - Credit Losses), while prior period amounts continue to be reported in accordance with previously applicable GAAP. The adoption of this ASU had no impact on the Company’s financial statements.

In August 2018, the FASB issued ASU No. 2018-13, Fair Value Measurement (Topic 820), which modifies the disclosure requirements on fair value measurements in Topic 820, Fair Value Measurement, including, among other changes, the consideration of costs and benefits when evaluating disclosure requirements. Effective January 1, 2020, the Company adopted ASU 2018-13. The adoption had no impact on the Company’s financial statements and related disclosures.

In August 2018, the FASB issued ASU No. 2018-15, Intangibles - Goodwill and Other - Internal-Use Software (Subtopic 350-40): Customer’s Accounting for Implementation Costs Incurred in a Cloud Computing Arrangement That Is a Service Contract (a consensus of the FASB Emerging Issues Task Force). ASU 2018-15 aligns the requirements for capitalizing implementation costs incurred in a hosting arrangement that is a service contract with the requirements for capitalizing implementation costs incurred to develop or obtain internal-use software (and hosting arrangements that include an internal-use software license). Effective January 1, 2020, the Company adopted ASU 2018-15. The adoption had no impact on the Company’s financial statements and related disclosures.

In November 2018, the FASB issued ASU No. 2018-18, Collaborative Arrangements (Topic 808), which clarifies the interaction between the guidance for collaborative arrangements (Topic 808) and the new revenue recognition standard (Topic 606). Effective January 1, 2020, the Company adopted ASU 2018-18. The adoption had no impact on the Company’s financial statements and related disclosures.

4. CAPITALIZATION

As of June 30, 2020, the Company had authorized 100,000,000 shares of Common Stock, $0.0001 par value per share, of which 56,215,596 shares were issued and outstanding. In addition, as of June 30, 2020, the Company had authorized 25,000,000 shares of Preferred Stock, $0.0001 par value per share, of which, none were issued and outstanding.

As of December 31, 2019, the Company had authorized 100,000,000 shares of Common Stock, $0.0001 par value per share, of which 47,658,361 shares were issued and outstanding. In addition, as of December 31, 2019, the Company had authorized 25,000,000 shares of Preferred Stock, $0.0001 par value per share, of which none were issued and outstanding.

5. CASH, CASH EQUIVALENTS, AND MARKETABLE SECURITIES

The Company considers all highly liquid investments purchased with original maturities of 90 days or less at the date of purchase to be cash equivalents. Cash and cash equivalents as of June 30, 2020 and December 31, 2019 were $145.9 million and $39.2 million, respectively, and included cash, investments in money market funds, and U.S. Treasury securities with original maturities of 90 days or less.

The Company considers securities with original maturities of greater than 90 days at the date of purchase to be available for sale securities. The Company held available for sale securities with a fair value totaling $26.3 million and $46.2 million at June 30, 2020 and December 31, 2019, respectively. These available for sale securities consisted solely of U.S. Treasury securities and U.S Government Agency bonds and had expected maturities of less than one year. The Company may sell certain of its marketable securities prior to their stated maturities for reasons including, but not limited to, managing liquidity, credit risk, duration and asset allocation.

The Company evaluates securities with unrealized losses, if any, to determine whether the decline in fair value has resulted from credit loss or other factors. As of June 30, 2020, the Company had no available for sale securities in an unrealized loss position. While the Company classifies these securities as available for sale, the Company does not currently intend to sell its investments and the Company currently believes it has the ability to hold these investments until maturity.

The following table summarizes the amortized cost, fair value and allowance for credit losses of the Company’s available for sale securities:

	June 30, 2020
	Amortized Cost		Gross Unrealized Gains		Gross Unrealized Losses		Fair Value

U.S. Treasury securities	$	25,166	$	98	$	—	$	25,264
U.S. Government Agency securities		1,004		—		—		1,004
Total	$	26,170	$	98	$	—	$	26,268

	December 31, 2019
	Amortized Cost		Gross Unrealized Gains		Gross Unrealized Losses		Fair Value

U.S. Treasury securities	$	46,208	$	—	$	—	$	46,208
Total	$	46,208	$	—	$	—	$	46,208

The Company’s available for sale securities are reported at fair value on the Company’s Balance Sheets. Unrealized gains (losses) are reported within accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) in the statements of comprehensive income (loss). The cost of securities sold and any realized gains/losses from the sale of available for sale securities are based on the specific identification method. The changes in accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) associated with the unrealized gain (loss) on available for sale securities during the three and six months ended June 30, 2020 and 2019, respectively, were as follows:

	Three Months Ended June 30,		Three Months Ended June 30,		Six Months Ended June 30,		Six Months Ended June 30,
	2020		2019		2020		2019

Beginning balance	$	210	$	—	$	—	$	—
Current period changes in fair value before reclassifications, net of tax		(112)		—		98		—
Amounts reclassified from accumulated other comprehensive income (loss), net of tax		—		—		—		—
Other comprehensive income (loss)		(112)		—		98		—
Balance as of June 30, 2020	$	98	$	—	$	98	$	—

6. LICENSE AND OTHER AGREEMENTS

In May 2018, the Company entered into an Asset Purchase Agreement with MacroGenics (the “MacroGenics Asset Purchase Agreement”) pursuant to which the Company acquired MacroGenics’ interest in teplizumab (renamed PRV-031), a humanized mAb for the treatment of Type 1 Diabetes (T1D). As partial consideration for the MacroGenics Asset Purchase Agreement, the Company granted MacroGenics a warrant to purchase 2,162,389 shares of the Company’s common stock at an exercise price of $2.50 per share. The Company is obligated to pay MacroGenics contingent milestone payments totaling $170.0 million upon the achievement of certain regulatory approval milestones, including $60.0 million payable within 90 days of an approval of a Biologics License Application (“BLA”) in the United States, which could occur in 2021. In addition, the Company is obligated to make contingent milestone payments to MacroGenics totaling $225.0 million upon the achievement of certain sales milestones. The Company has also agreed to pay MacroGenics a single-digit royalty on net sales of the product. The Company has also agreed to pay third-party obligations, including low single-digit royalties, a portion of which is creditable against royalties payable to MacroGenics, aggregate milestone payments of up to approximately $1.3 million and other consideration, for certain third-party intellectual property under agreements the Company assumed pursuant to the MacroGenics Asset Purchase Agreement. Further, the Company is required to pay MacroGenics a low double-digit percentage of certain consideration to the extent it is received in connection with a future grant of rights to PRV-031 by the Company to a third party. The Company is obligated to use reasonable commercial efforts to develop and seek regulatory approval for PRV-031.

In May 2018, the Company entered into a License Agreement with MacroGenics, Inc. (the “MacroGenics License Agreement”), pursuant to which MacroGenics, Inc. (“MacroGenics”) granted the Company exclusive global rights for the purpose of developing and commercializing MGD010 (renamed PRV-3279), a humanized protein and a potential treatment for systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and other similar diseases. As partial consideration for the MacroGenics License Agreement, the Company granted MacroGenics a warrant to purchase 270,299 shares of the Company’s common stock at an exercise price of $2.50 per share. The Company is obligated to make contingent milestone payments to MacroGenics totaling $42.5 million upon the achievement of certain developmental and approval milestones for the first indication, and an additional $22.5 million upon the achievement of certain regulatory approvals for a second indication. In addition, the Company is obligated to make contingent milestone payments to MacroGenics totaling $225.0 million upon the achievement of certain sales milestones. The Company has also agreed to pay MacroGenics a single-digit royalty on net sales of the product. Further, the Company is required to pay MacroGenics a low double-digit percentage of certain consideration to the extent received in connection with a future grant of rights to PRV-3279 by the Company to a third party. The Company is obligated to use commercially reasonable efforts to develop and seek regulatory approval for PRV-3279. The license agreement may be terminated by either party upon a material breach or bankruptcy of the other party, by Provention without cause upon prior notice to MacroGenics, and by MacroGenics in the event that the Company challenges the validity of any licensed patent under the agreement, but only with respect to the challenged patent.

As of June 30, 2020, the Company has not achieved any milestones that would trigger payments to MacroGenics.

The Company recorded the warrants issued under the MacroGenics Asset Purchase Agreement and the MacroGenics License Agreement at an estimated fair value of $1.64 per share, approximately $4.0 million in the aggregate, as license fee expense included as part of Research & Development Expense during the second quarter of 2018.

In July 2019, MacroGenics elected to exercise its warrants for an aggregate of 2,432,688 shares on a cashless basis, resulting in the Company’s net issuance of 1,948,474 shares. Following the MacroGenics’ July 2019 warrant exercises, there were no additional warrants outstanding in connection with the MacroGenics License Agreement and the MacroGenics Asset Purchase Agreement.

In November 2018, the Company entered into a License and Collaboration Agreement (the “Amgen Agreement”) with Amgen, Inc. (“Amgen”) for PRV-015 (formerly AMG 714), a novel anti-IL-15 monoclonal antibody being developed for the treatment of gluten-free diet non-responsive celiac disease (NRCD). Under the terms of the agreement, the Company will conduct and fund a Phase 2b trial in NRCD and lead the development and regulatory activities for the program. Amgen agreed to make an equity investment of up to $20.0 million in the Company, subject to certain terms and conditions set forth in the agreement. Amgen is also responsible for the manufacturing of PRV-015. Upon completion of the Phase 2b trial, a $150.0 million milestone payment is due from Amgen to the Company, plus an additional regulatory milestone payment, and single digit royalties on future sales. If Amgen elects not to pay the $150.0 million milestone, AMG 714 rights will be transferred to Company pursuant to a termination license agreement from Amgen and the Company. The Company will be obligated to make certain contingent milestone payments to Amgen and other third parties totaling up to $70.0 million upon the achievement of certain clinical and regulatory milestones and a low double-digit royalty on net sales of any approved product based on the IL-15 technology. The agreement may be terminated by the Company without cause (in which case the exclusive global rights to the technology will transfer back to Amgen) and by either party upon a material breach. The agreement expires upon the expiration of Amgen’s last obligation to make royalty payments to Provention (or, the Company’s last obligation to make royalty payments to Amgen, if the program rights are transferred to the Company). In September 2019, in a private placement completed concurrently with the Company’s underwritten public offering, Amgen purchased 2,500,000 shares of the Company’s common stock at the underwritten public offering price of $8.00 per share, for a total investment of $20.0 million.

In April 2017, the Company entered into a License Agreement with Vactech Ltd. (the “Vactech License Agreement”), pursuant to which Vactech Ltd. (“Vactech”) granted the Company exclusive global rights for the purpose of developing and commercializing the group B coxsackie virus vaccine (CVB) platform technology. In consideration of the licenses and other rights granted by Vactech, the Company issued two million shares of its common stock to Vactech. The Company recorded the issuance of the shares at their estimated fair value of approximately $1.70 per share for a total of $3.4 million as a license fee expense included as part of Research & Development Expense for the year ended December 31, 2017. Provention paid Vactech a total of approximately $0.5 million for transition and advisory services during the first 18 months of the term of the agreement. In addition, Provention may be obligated to make a series of contingent milestone payments to Vactech totaling up to an additional $24.5 million upon the achievement of certain clinical development and regulatory filing milestones. In addition, the Company has agreed to pay Vactech tiered single-digit royalties on net sales of any approved product based on the CVB platform technology and three additional payments totaling $19.0 million upon the achievement of certain annual net sales levels. The Vactech Agreement may be terminated by the Company on a country by country basis without cause (in which case the exclusive global rights to the technology will transfer back to Vactech) and by either party upon a material breach or insolvency of the other party. If the Company terminates the agreement with respect to two or more specified European countries, the agreement will be deemed terminated with respect to all of the EU, and if the Company terminates the agreement with respect to the United States, the agreement will be deemed terminated with respect to all of North America. The agreement expires upon the expiration of the Company’s last obligation to make royalty payments to Vactech. As of June 30, 2020, the Company has not achieved any milestones that would trigger payments to Vactech.

In March 2018, the Company entered into a Development Services Agreement with The Institute of Translational Vaccinology (the “Intravacc Development Services Agreement”), pursuant to which The Institute of Translational Vaccinology (“Intravacc”) will provide services related to process development, non-GMP and GMP manufacturing of the Company’s polyvalent CVB vaccine, including providing proprietary technology for manufacturing purposes. The Company will pay Intravacc approximately 10 million euros for their services over the development and manufacturing period which the Company currently expects will last for approximately 24 to 30 months. Each party retains its existing intellectual property and will share newly developed intellectual property via a fully-paid non-exclusive license between the parties for all development work through phase 1 clinical trials. Any future use, including commercial use, of Intravacc’s technology will be subject to a separate nonexclusive license agreement. The Intravacc Development Services Agreement may be terminated by us with ninety days’ notice without cause and by either party upon a material breach or insolvency of the other party. As of June 30, 2020, the Company had paid Intravacc a total of approximately 9.0 million euros, or approximately $10.5 million, for services provided by Intravacc under the Intravacc Development Services Agreement.

In April 2017, the Company entered into the Janssen CSF-1R License Agreement, pursuant to which Janssen Pharmaceutica NV granted the Company exclusive global rights for the purpose of developing and commercializing a colony stimulating factor 1 receptor (CSF-1R) inhibitor named JNJ-40346527 (renamed PRV-6527) for inflammatory bowel diseases including Crohn’s disease and UC. The Company evaluated PRV-6527 for Crohn’s disease in a recently completed Phase 2a clinical trial (the PRINCE study). In December 2019, Janssen declined its option to buy back the rights to PRV-6527 and as such, all rights will remain with the Company. The Company will be obligated to make contingent milestone payments to Janssen totaling $35.0 million upon the achievement of certain clinical and regulatory milestones for the first indication and an additional $20.0 million upon the achievement of certain clinical and regulatory milestones for a second indication. In addition, the Company has agreed to pay Janssen tiered single-digit royalties on net sales of any approved product based on the CSF-1R technology and three additional payments totaling $100.0 million upon the achievement of certain annual net sales levels. As of June 30, 2020, no milestones have been achieved that would trigger payments to Janssen under the CSF-1R License Agreement.

7. NET LOSS PER SHARE OF COMMON STOCK

Basic and diluted net income (loss) per common share is determined by dividing net income (loss) by the weighted average common shares outstanding during the period. For the periods where there is a net loss, stock options and warrants have been excluded from the calculation of diluted net loss per common share because their effect would be anti-dilutive. Therefore, the weighted average common shares used to calculate both basic and diluted net loss per common share would be the same.

The following table sets forth the computation of basic and diluted net loss per share of common stock for the periods indicated:

	Three Months Ended June 30,		Three Months Ended June 30,		Six Months Ended June 30,		Six Months Ended June 30,
	2020		2019		2020		2019

Net loss	$	(22,122)	$	(12,004)	$	(34,704)	$	(22,976)

Weighted average shares of common stock outstanding - basic and diluted		49,199		37,363		48,449		37,362
Net loss per share of common stock, basic and diluted	$	(0.45)	$	(0.32)	$	(0.72)	$	(0.61)

The following potentially dilutive securities have been excluded from the computation of diluted weighted average shares outstanding as they would be antidilutive:

	Three Months Ended June 30,		Three Months Ended June 30,		Six Months Ended June 30,		Six Months Ended June 30,
	2020		2019		2020		2019

Stock options		6,846		5,768		6,846		5,768
Warrants		1,972		4,588		1,972		4,588

8. ACCRUED EXPENSES

Accrued expenses consisted of the following:

	June 30, 2020		December 31, 2019

Accrued research and development costs	$	1,747	$	1,700
Accrued pre-commercial costs		1,089		—
Accrued compensation		739		54
Accrued professional fees		514		221
Other accrued liabilities		62		90
Total accrued expenses	$	4,151	$	2,065

9. FAIR VALUE OF ASSETS AND LIABILITIES

The carrying amounts reported in the balance sheet for cash and cash equivalents, accounts payable and accrued expenses approximate fair value based on the short-term nature of these items.

In accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States, fair value is defined as the price that would be received to sell an asset or paid to transfer a liability in an orderly transaction between market participants at the measurement date. A three-level hierarchy prioritizes the inputs used to measure fair value as follows:

Level 1 – Valuation is based on quoted prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities. Level 1 assets and liabilities generally include debt and equity securities that are traded in an active exchange market. Valuations are obtained from readily available pricing sources for market transactions involving identical assets or liabilities.

Level 2 – Valuation is based on observable inputs other than Level 1 prices, such as quoted prices for similar assets or liabilities; quoted prices in markets that are not active; or other inputs that are observable or can be corroborated by observable market data for substantially the full term of the assets or liabilities.

Level 3 – Valuation is based on unobservable inputs that are supported by little or no market activity and that are significant to the fair value of the assets or liabilities. Level 3 assets and liabilities include financial instruments whose value is determined using pricing models, discounted cash flow methodologies, or similar techniques, as well as instruments for which the determination of fair value requires significant management judgment or estimation.

The following is a summary of assets and their related classifications under the fair value hierarchy:

	June 30, 2020
		Financial Instruments Carried at Fair Value
		Quoted prices in
		active markets for		Significant other		Significant
		identical items		observable inputs		unobservable inputs
		(Level 1)		(Level 2)		(Level 3)		Total
Assets:
Cash and cash equivalents¹	$	145,887	$	—	$	—	$	145,887
Investments in U.S. Treasury securities²	$	25,264	$	—	$	—	$	25,264
Investments in U.S. Government Agency securities²	$	—	$	1,004	$	—	$	1,004

	December 31, 2019
		Financial Instruments Carried at Fair Value
		Quoted prices in
		active markets for		Significant other		Significant
		identical items		observable inputs		unobservable inputs
		(Level 1)		(Level 2)		(Level 3)		Total
Assets:
Cash and cash equivalents ¹	$	39,165	$	—	$	—	$	39,165
Investments in U.S. Treasury securities²	$	46,208	$	—	$	—	$	46,208

1	Cash and cash equivalents primarily include investments in money market funds and U.S. Treasury securities with maturity dates within 90 days from the purchase date
2	Investments in U.S. Treasury and U.S. Government Agency securities are classified as available for sale securities

10. STOCK OPTIONS

In 2017, the Company adopted the Provention Bio, Inc. 2017 Equity Incentive Plan (the “2017 Plan”). Pursuant to the 2017 Plan, the Company’s Board of Directors may grant incentive stock options, nonqualified stock options, and restricted stock to employees, officers, directors, consultants and advisors. As of June 30, 2020, there were options to purchase an aggregate of 6,846,220 shares of Common Stock outstanding under the 2017 Plan. Options issued under the 2017 Plan are exercisable for up to 10 years from the date of issuance.

In connection with the evergreen provisions of the 2017 Plan, the number of shares available for issuance under the 2017 Plan was increased by 3,000,000 shares, as determined by the board of directors under the provisions described below, effective as of January 1, 2020. As of June 30, 2020, there were 2,872,664 shares available for future grants.

In connection with the completion of its IPO, the Company amended and restated its 2017 Plan to, among other things, include an evergreen provision, which would automatically increase the number of shares available for issuance under the 2017 Plan in an amount equal to (1) the difference between (x) 18% of the total shares of the Company’s common stock outstanding, on a fully diluted basis, on December 31st of the preceding calendar year, and (y) the total number of shares of the Company’s common stock reserved under the 2017 Plan on December 31st of such preceding calendar year or (2) an amount less than this calculated increase as determined by the board of directors.

Stock-based compensation

Total stock-based compensation expense recognized for both employees and non-employees was as follows:

	Three Months Ended June 30,		Three Months Ended June 30,		Six Months Ended June 30,		Six Months Ended June 30,
	2020		2019		2020		2019

General and administrative	$	848	$	184	$	1,561	$	329
Research and development		429		277		952		376
Total share-based compensation expense	$	1,277	$	461	$	2,513	$	705

Option activity

The Company grants options with service-based vesting requirements as well as options with performance-based vesting requirements. Generally, the service-based requirements vest over a four-year period in multiple tranches. Each tranche of the performance-based component vests upon the achievement of a specific milestone. These milestones are related to the Company’s clinical trials, manufacturing activities, regulatory activities, commercial activities and certain other performance metrics.

A summary of option activity for the six months ended June 30, 2020 are presented below:

					Weighted-
			Weighted-		Average
			Average		Remaining
	Underlying		Exercise		Contractual		Intrinsic
Stock Option Awards	Shares		Price		Term		Value

Outstanding at December 31, 2019		5,894	$	6.33		8.5 years	$	—
Granted		1,189	$	13.09
Exercised		(113)	$	5.12
Forfeited or expired		(124)	$	5.23
Outstanding at June 30, 2020		6,846	$	7.54		8.3 years	$	45,648
Exercisable at June 30, 2020		2,482	$	3.92		7.4 years	$	25,304

The weighted average grant-date fair value of options granted during the six months ended June 30, 2020 was $8.48 per share. As of June 30, 2020, there were approximately 1,999,000 unvested options subject to performance-based vesting criteria with approximately $13.9 million of unrecognized compensation expense. This expense will be recognized when each milestone becomes probable of occurring. In addition, as of June 30, 2020, there were approximately 2,365,000 unvested options outstanding subject to time-based vesting with approximately $12.2 million of unrecognized compensation expense which will be recognized over a period of 3.2 years.

Cash proceeds from, and the aggregate intrinsic value of, stock options exercised during the periods presented below were as follows:

	Three Months Ended June 30,		Three Months Ended June 30,		Six Months Ended June 30,		Six Months Ended June 30,
	2020		2019		2020		2019

Cash proceeds from options exercised	$	380	$	21	$	574	$	21
Aggregate intrinsic value of options exercised		323		81		953		81

The Company uses the Black-Scholes option-pricing model to estimate the fair value of option awards with the following weighted-average assumptions for the period indicated:

	Six Months Ended June 30,		Six Months Ended June 30,
	2020		2019

Exercise price	$	13.09	$	10.45
Expected volatility		73%		72%
Expected dividends		—		—
Expected term (in years)		6.2		6.3
Risk-free interest rate		1.05%		1.94%

The weighted-average valuation assumptions were determined as follows:

	●	Risk-free interest rate: The Company bases the risk-free interest rate on the interest rate payable on U.S. Treasury securities in effect at the time of grant for a period that is commensurate with the assumed expected option term.

	●	Expected annual dividends: The estimate for annual dividends is 0%, because the Company has not historically paid, and does not expect for the foreseeable future to pay, a dividend.

	●	Expected stock price volatility: The expected volatility used is based on historical volatilities of similar entities within the Company’s industry which were commensurate with the Company’s expected term assumption.

	●	Expected term of options: The expected term of options represents the period of time options are expected to be outstanding. The expected term of the options granted to employees is derived from the “simplified” method as described in Staff Accounting Bulletin 107 relating to stock-based compensation, whereby the expected term is an average between the vesting period and contractual period due to the limited operating history.

11. WARRANTS

In connection with the April 2017 sale of Series A Convertible Redeemable Preferred Stock, the Company issued warrants to MDB, the Placement Agent, and its designees to purchase 558,740 shares of Series A Convertible Redeemable Preferred Stock with an exercise price of $2.50 per share with a seven-year term. Upon completion of the IPO in July 2018, the warrants automatically became warrants for the purchase of 558,740 shares of the Company’s common stock. In June 2020, certain warrant holders from the Series A offering elected to exercise warrants for an aggregate of 153,000 shares on a cashless basis, resulting in the Company’s net issuance of 129,719 shares. As of June 30, 2020, a total of 157,065 warrants have been exercised on a cashless basis and there were 401,675 warrants outstanding related to the Series A Offering.

In connection with the Company’s completion of its IPO, in July 2018, the Company issued to MDB, the underwriter in the IPO, and its designees warrants to purchase 1,596,956 shares of the Company’s common stock at an exercise price of $5.00 per share. These warrants have a five-year term.

The Company used valuation methods and assumptions that consider, among other factors, the fair value of the underlying stock, risk-free interest rate, volatility, expected life and dividend rates in estimating fair value for the warrants. The fair values of these instruments were determined using models based on inputs that require management judgment and estimates.

The fair value of the warrants issued to MDB were measured at issuance on July 19, 2018 using the Black-Scholes option pricing model based on the following assumptions:

Equity value upon issuance on July 19, 2018	$	4.00
Exercise price	$	5.00
Expected volatility		60.0%
Expected dividends		—
Contractual term (in years)		5.0
Risk-free interest rate		2.74%

The Company estimated the fair value of the warrants issued to MDB to be $1.90 per share, approximately $3.0 million in the aggregate, which was recorded as a cost of the IPO. The MDB warrants were evaluated under ASC 480 and ASC 815 and the Company determined that equity classification was appropriate. Through June 30, 2020, certain warrant holders from the IPO elected to exercise warrants for an aggregate of 27,063 shares on a cashless basis, resulting in the Company’s net issuance of 15,746 shares. As of June 30, 2020, there were 1,569,893 warrants outstanding related to the IPO.

12. INCOME TAXES

The Company recorded a benefit from state income taxes of approximately $0.5 million for the three and six months ended June 30, 2020. The benefit from state income taxes solely reflects the reversal of valuation allowances previously recorded against the Company’s New Jersey State net operating losses (‘NOLs”) that resulted from the Company’s sale of approximately $6.8 million of its New Jersey state NOLs under the State of New Jersey’s Technology Business Tax Certificate Transfer Program (the “Program”) for cash proceeds of $0.5 million. The Program allows qualified technology and biotechnology businesses in New Jersey to sell unused amounts of NOLs and defined research and development tax credits.

On March 27, 2020, the US government enacted the Coronavirus Aid, Relief, and Economic Security Act (CARES Act) which includes numerous modifications to income tax provisions, including a limitation on business interest expense and net operating loss provisions and the acceleration of alternative minimum tax credits. Given the Company’s history of losses, the CARES Act is not expected to have a material impact on its income tax positions.

13. SUBSEQUENT EVENTS

In July 2020, the Company entered into an agreement to lease its new corporate headquarters in Red Bank, NJ, for which the initial lease term expires 70 months from the lease commencement date, with base annual lease payments of approximately $0.2 million. Upon commencement of the lease, which is anticipated to occur in the second half of 2020, the lease will be accounted for as an operating lease. The Company is still evaluating the impact of this lease on its financial statements.

ITEM 2.

MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS

The following discussion and analysis of our financial condition and results of operations should be read together with our financial statements and related notes appearing elsewhere in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q and the audited financial statements and related notes and management’s discussion and analysis of financial condition and results of operations for the year ended December 31, 2019 included in our Annual Report on Form 10-K filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on March 12, 2020, as amended. Some of the information contained in this discussion and analysis or set forth elsewhere in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q, including information with respect to our plans and strategy for our business and related financing, includes forward-looking statements that involve risks and uncertainties and should be read together with the “Risk Factors” section of this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for a discussion of important factors that could cause actual results to differ materially from the results described in or implied by the forward-looking statements contained in the following discussion and analysis.

Impact of COVID-19 on our Business

We are closely monitoring developments related to the COVID-19 pandemic and are making every effort to ensure we remain focused on the health and well-being of our patients and our employees while maintaining business continuity. At this time, it is too early to predict what the long-term impact this pandemic, and the associated economic downturn, will have on our business. We have experienced some level of disruption to two of our current or planned clinical trials. In March 2020, we announced a temporary pause in the randomization of patients with newly diagnosed T1D into our global Phase 3 PROTECT study teplizumab. During the second quarter of 2020, we began enrolling patients in the PROTECT study on a country by country and site by site basis. We expect that a majority of sites will be actively enrolling patients by the end of the third quarter of 2020, subject to potential additional COVID-19 related interruptions and other local conditions. In addition, we, with our partner Amgen, decided that we will now start our PRV-015 Phase 2b trial in gluten free diet non-responsive celiac disease in the third quarter of 2020 instead of in the second quarter of 2020. Our rolling BLA submission for teplizumab in the At-risk indication has been initiated and is currently on track to be finalized upon completion of the CMC module in the fourth quarter of 2020.

Overview

We are a clinical stage biopharmaceutical company, focused on the development and commercialization of novel therapeutics and innovative approaches aimed at intercepting and preventing immune-mediated diseases. Since our inception, we have devoted substantially all of our efforts to business planning, research and development, pre-commercial activities, recruiting management and technical staff, acquiring operating assets, partnering and raising capital. We have not yet commenced any revenue-generating operations, do not have any positive cash flows from operations and we will need to raise additional capital to finance our operations. Our business is subject to significant risks and uncertainties and we will be dependent on raising substantial additional capital before we become profitable and if we never achieve profitability.

We have not generated any revenue to date and through June 30, 2020, and we had an accumulated deficit of $113.8 million. We have financed our operations primarily through equity offerings.

In April 2017, we completed our private placement of Series A Convertible Redeemable Preferred Stock. We issued an aggregate 11,381,999 shares of Series A Convertible Redeemable Preferred Stock at $2.50 per share. We received net proceeds of $26.7 million.

In July 2018, we issued and sold an aggregate of 15,969,563 shares of common stock in our IPO at a public offering price of $4.00 per share. In connection with the IPO, we issued to MDB, the underwriter in the IPO, and its designees warrants to purchase 1,596,956 shares of Common Stock at an exercise price of $5.00 per share. We received net proceeds from the IPO of $59.3 million, after deducting underwriting discounts and commissions of approximately $3.7 million and other offering expenses of approximately $0.8 million. Upon the closing of the IPO, all of our shares of Series A Convertible Redeemable Preferred Stock outstanding at the time of the IPO were automatically converted into 11,381,999 shares of common stock. In addition, the warrants issued in connection with the Series A Convertible Redeemable Preferred Stock also converted to warrants for the purchase of 558,740 shares of our common stock.

In September 2019, we completed an underwritten public offering in which we sold 5,750,000 shares of common stock at a public offering price of $8.00 per share. The 5,750,000 shares sold included the full exercise of the underwriters’ option to purchase 750,000 shares at a price of $8.00 per share. Concurrent with the underwritten public offering, we sold 2,500,000 shares of common stock to Amgen, Inc. at the public offering price of $8.00 per share in a private placement, pursuant to the terms of our License and Collaboration Agreement with Amgen Inc, dated as of November 5, 2018. Aggregate net proceeds from the underwritten public offering and the concurrent private placement were $62.7 million, net of approximately $2.8 million in underwriting discounts and commissions and other offering expenses of $0.5 million.

In August 2019, we established an ATM program through which we may sell, from time to time at our sole discretion, up to $50.0 million of shares of its common stock. We have sold 725,495 shares of our common stock for aggregate net proceeds of approximately $9.9 million, net of $0.3 million in sales commissions, under the ATM program, all of which occurred during the quarter ended June 30, 2020.

In June 2020, we completed an underwritten public offering in which we sold 7,590,000 shares of common stock at a public offering price of $14.50 per share. The 7,590,000 shares sold included the full exercise of the underwriters’ option to purchase 990,000 shares at a price of $14.50 per share. We received net proceeds from the underwritten public offering of $103.3 million, after deducting underwriting discounts and commissions of approximately $6.6 million and other offering expenses of $0.2 million.

We expect that over the next several years we will continue to incur losses from operations as we increase our expenditures in research and development in connection with our regulatory submissions, clinical trials and other development activities, as well as costs to support our commercialization efforts to launch teplizumab, if we receive regulatory approval in the U.S. If adequate funds are not available to us on a timely basis, or at all, we may be required to terminate or delay certain development activities.

Recent Company Developments

Clinical Development & Safety

PRV-031 (teplizumab, anti-CD3 mAb)

On June 15, 2020, we announced new data from the “At-Risk” TN-10 Study which demonstrated that a single 14-day course of our lead drug candidate, teplizumab (PRV-031), significantly delayed the onset of clinical T1D, as compared to placebo, by a median of three years in at-risk patients. These new data from the “At-Risk” TN-10 Study added one year to the two-year median delay that was previously observed.

The “At-Risk” TN-10 Study, a pivotal Phase 2 clinical trial, conducted at TrialNet sites and sponsored by NIDDK, part of the National Institute of Health, or NIH, evaluated teplizumab for the delay of clinical T1D in at-risk patients. At-risk was defined by the presence of two or more T1D-related autoantibodies and dysglycemia (abnormal glucose metabolism). Seventy-six subjects were enrolled, ages 8 to 49, with 72 percent under the age of 18, and randomized to receive a single course of either teplizumab or placebo. Subjects were followed in a blinded fashion until a minimum 40 subjects developed clinical T1D, and then indefinitely after the analysis of the primary data.

The trial results showed the median time to clinical diagnosis of T1D after one course of teplizumab was approximately five years (an improvement of 12 months from previously published data) compared to approximately two years for the placebo group (unchanged from previously published data). Nearly half of those treated with teplizumab are estimated to be free of clinical T1D at five years. The hazard ratio was 0.457 or a 54 percent reduction in risk of developing clinical T1D (p=0.01).

In addition, teplizumab treatment was associated with a greater on-study C-peptide (p=0.009), a measure of a persons’ own insulin production, compared to placebo. For both groups, C-peptide area under the curve (AUC) mean slopes preceding study entry were similar and declining. In the placebo group, this decline continued over the 6 months after study entry. By contrast, the teplizumab-treated group showed an increased C-peptide AUC over this period (p=0.02 relative to study entry).

Mechanistically, the association between the expansion of partially exhausted CD8 T cells and the delay of clinical T1D conferred by teplizumab, previously described in newly diagnosed T1D patients, was also confirmed in subjects at-risk. C-peptide levels at 3, 6 and 18 months post-teplizumab administration correlated with the levels of exhausted CD8+ T cells in the circulation (p=0.01 vs placebo). Subjects with the highest increase (top quartile) in exhausted CD8 T cells had no progression to clinical T1D in the period of observation of the study (p=0.005 vs placebo). Finally, inflammatory cytokines IFN-gamma and TNF-alpha were lower in the exhausted CD8 T cells in teplizumab vs placebo-treated subjects (p<0.0001).

In summary, while no additional safety signals have been noted, the results showed that teplizumab’s effect on delaying the onset of clinical T1D was not only consistent from previous analyses, but was durable and now extended to a median of at least three years.

In August 2019, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration granted breakthrough therapy designation (“BTD”) to PRV-031 for the delay or prevention of clinical T1D in individuals at-risk of developing the disease. BTD is an FDA program designed to expedite the development and review of therapeutic candidates intended to treat serious or life-threatening diseases.

In October 2019, the European Medicines Agency (EMA) granted PRIority MEdicines (“PRIME”) eligibility to teplizumab (PRV-031) for the prevention or delay of clinical T1D in individuals at-risk of developing the disease. The PRIME initiative is designed to expedite the development and review of promising therapies that target an unmet need and show potential clinical benefit so the medicine can reach patients earlier. The designation offers the opportunity for enhanced interaction and dialogue with the EMA to optimize development, as well as the potential for accelerated assessment at the time of application for a marketing authorization.

In April 2020, we announced the initiation of the rolling submission of the Company’s BLA to the FDA and we are targeting completion of the submission in the fourth quarter of 2020. We had previously completed a Type B multidisciplinary meeting with the FDA to discuss the proposed contents of a BLA for PRV-031 (teplizumab) for the prevention or delay of T1D in individuals at-risk of developing T1D. Based on official FDA meeting minutes, we do not anticipate the need to conduct any additional clinical trials in the at-risk population prior to BLA submission.

In March 2020, we announced a temporary pause in the randomization of patients with newly diagnosed T1D into our global Phase 3 PROTECT study teplizumab. This pause was taken out of an abundance of caution to protect patients, caregivers, clinical site staff, company employees and contractors at this critical juncture in the collective global efforts to combat the COVID-19 pandemic. Patients that were undergoing study therapy were allowed to complete their course, as recommended by the PROTECT study’s Data Safety Monitoring Board, which was recently expanded to include infectious diseases expertise. In June 2020, we resumed enrollment on a country by country, site by site basis based upon review of local COVID-19 infection rates and the site’s ability to maintain the safety of participants.

In addition, in March 2020 we initiated a Phase 2 open-label extension study of the NIH-sponsored At-Risk (TN-10) T1D study. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the safety and tolerability of a single 12-day course of teplizumab treatment, administered intravenously to participants in the NIH-sponsored trial who have developed clinical type 1 diabetes and are able to start teplizumab treatment within 1 year of diagnosis.

PRV-3279 (humanized anti-CD32B and CD79B bispecific)

In March 2020, we announced positive top-line results from the Phase 1b portion of the PREVAIL (PRV-3279 EVAluation In Lupus) study, which evaluated PRV-3279 in 16 healthy volunteers.

PRV-3279 was well-tolerated, with no serious adverse events, and as expected, did not deplete B cells and demonstrated profound and sustained binding to circulating B lymphocytes, with reduction of circulating immunoglobulin M levels in a dose-proportional manner. While anti-drug antibody production was observed at both dose levels tested, immunogenicity was found not to affect exposure, safety or pharmacodynamic parameters.

Based on the results, we plan to commence the Phase 2a portion of the PREVAIL study in lupus patients in the first half of 2021.

PRV-015 (anti-interleukin 15)

In April 2020, we, with our partner Amgen, collectively decided that, to protect the integrity and quality of the PRV-015 Phase 2b trial in gluten free diet non-responsive celiac disease and enable patients to comply fully with COVID-19 pandemic states of emergency and social isolation, we will stagger study startup throughout the third quarter of 2020 rather than initiating screening in the second quarter of 2020, as had originally been scheduled.

Our Focus and Pipeline

Inflammation is a natural consequence of most infections, as it is the immune system’s first response to invading pathogens in the event of injury or acute illness. Most of the time, this response is beneficial and well-controlled; helping to repair tissue damage and clear pathogens from the body. In addition to directly damaging tissues and organs, an infection can sometimes result in the excessive release of toxic immune mediators leading to a potentially life-threatening acute pathological immune response. When patients have the requisite genetic predisposition, infections can also trigger chronic autoimmune responses that persist and progress long after the original insult has subsided. These sustained pathological responses have been linked to an increased susceptibility to chronic debilitating and potentially life-threatening diseases like inflammatory bowel disease, diabetes, cancer, and certain neurological disorders.

Our “predict” and “preempt” therapeutic development approach is to intercept the underlying pathological immune and inflammatory responses in susceptible individuals. Our pipeline includes:

	●	PRV-031: a humanized, anti-CD3 mAb for the interception of T1D in pediatric patients with newly-diagnosed T1D and for delaying and/or preventing disease progression in individuals at risk of developing clinical stage T1D. PRV-031 has been designated by the FDA as an orphan drug for the treatment of newly-diagnosed T1D. PRV-031 was also granted breakthrough therapy designation from the FDA in August 2019 and PRIME eligibility from the EMA in October 2019 for the delay or prevention of T1D;

	●	PRV-101: a CVB vaccine to prevent acute CVB infections and, in those patients at risk, preventing the CVB-triggered autoimmune damage to pancreatic beta cells that progresses to T1D and damage to intestinal cells that leads to celiac disease;

	●	PRV-3279: a humanized bispecific scaffold molecule targeting the B-cell surface proteins, CD32B and CD79B, for the treatment of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and for the prevention of immunogenicity of biotherapeutics such as those used in gene therapy;

	●	PRV-015: a human anti-interleukin 15 (IL-15), mAb for the treatment of gluten-free diet non-responsive celiac disease (NRCD), intercepting the effects of contaminating gluten in the most common autoimmune disorder without any approved medication; and

	●	PRV-6527: an oral small molecule CSF-1R inhibitor targeting the differentiation and activation of antigen-presenting cells (APCs), to prevent chronic inflammatory responses and progression or relapse in Crohn’s disease. We are not actively developing PRV-6527.

The table below summarizes the current status and anticipated milestones for our principal product candidates:

Product Candidate / Indication	Status	Next Expected Milestone
PRV-031 (teplizumab, anti-CD3 mAb) for the interception of T1D

*At-Risk Indication –* for the delay or prevention of clinical T1D in individuals at-risk of developing the disease	In June 2020, extended follow-up data from the At-Risk Study was announced which showed that a single 14-day course of teplizumab significantly delayed the onset of T1D in At-Risk patients by a median of approximately three years compared to the placebo. This data added one year to the two-year median delay that was previously reported at the American Diabetes Association meeting in June 2019 and published in the New England Journal of Medicine In August 2019, the FDA granted BTD to PRV-031 for the delay or prevention of clinical T1D in individuals at-risk of developing the disease. In October 2019, the EMA granted PRIME eligibility to teplizumab to PRV-031 for the delay or prevention of clinical T1D in individuals at-risk of developing the disease.	In April 2020, we initiated the non-clinical module of the rolling submission of our BLA to the FDA and expect to submit the clinical module in the third quarter of 2020 and the CMC module (the completion of the submission) in the fourth quarter of 2020.

*Newly Diagnosed Indication –* for the delay or prevention of clinical T1D in individuals diagnosed with early onset T1D	We commenced a Phase 3 clinical trial (the PROTECT study) in approximately 300 pediatric and adolescent patients with newly diagnosed type one diabetes. The first patient was dosed in the second quarter of 2019. In March 2020, in connection with the COVID-19 pandemic, we announced a temporary pause in the randomization of patients with newly diagnosed T1D into the PROTECT study.	In June 2020, we resumed enrollment of the PROTECT study on a country by country, site by site basis. We now expect to report top line results from the Phase 3 PROTECT study in mid-2023, subject to change for any potential COVID-19 related interruptions.

PRV-101 (polyvalent CVB vaccine) for the prevention of acute CVB and the prevention of CVB triggered T1D and celiac disease.	We are developing a polyvalent vaccine at Intravacc, our strategic partner in vaccine manufacturing process development.	We expect to commence a first-in-human safety study in the second half of 2020. We expect to report top-line first-in-human data in 2021.

PRV-3279 (humanized anti-CD32B and CD79B bispecific) for the treatment of SLE and for the prevention of immunogenicity biotherapeutics such as gene therapy.	We announced positive top-line results from our Phase 1b clinical trial (the PREVAIL study), which evaluated PRV-3279 in 16 healthy volunteers.	We expect to commence a phase 2a study in first half of 2021.

PRV-015 (anti-IL-15 mAb) for the treatment of gluten-free diet non-responding celiac disease.	We designed a Phase 2b clinical trial (the PROACTIVE trial) in celiac patients with gluten-free diet non-responsive celiac disease and completed additional chronic toxicology studies to support this trial as needed.	We expect to commence the Phase 2b PROACTIVE study in the third quarter of 2020.

PRV-6527 (oral CSF-1R inhibitor) for the treatment of Crohn’s disease.	We announced top-line results from our Phase 2a clinical trial (the PRINCE study), which evaluated PRV-6527 in 93 patients with moderate-to-severe Crohn’s disease. In December 2019, Janssen declined its option to buy back PRV-6527.	We are not actively developing PRV-6527. We expect to engage with third parties for the potential sublicense of PRV-6527.

We intend to leverage our distinctive competences and drug development strategy; advance our carefully selected portfolio of product candidates; in-license or acquire additional targeted development assets and apply our disease interception and prevention approach to multiple autoimmune and immune-mediated inflammatory diseases.

Financial operations overview

Research and Development Expenses

Research and development expenses consist primarily of clinical studies, the cost of manufacturing our drug candidates for clinical study, regulatory costs, other internal operating expenses, and the cost of conducting preclinical activities. Expenses also include the cost of salaries, benefits and other related costs, including stock-based compensation, for personnel serving in our research and development functions. In addition, our research and development expenses include payments to third parties, as well as the fair value of equity issuances to third parties for the license rights to products in development (prior to marketing approval). Our expenses related to clinical trials are primarily related to activities at contract research organizations (CROs) and other consultants, that design, obtain regulatory approval, and conduct clinical trials on our behalf. Our expenses related to the production of drug substance or drug product for our clinical trials and development programs are primarily related to activities performed by licensors, strategic partners or contract manufacturing organizations (CMOs) and other consultants, on our behalf. Our development efforts from inception through June 30, 2020, were principally related to the acquisition and development of our programs detailed in the pipeline description immediately above.

All research and development expenses are charged to operations as incurred in accordance with Financial Accounting Standards Board Accounting Standards Codification Topic, or ASC, 730, Research and Development. We account for non-refundable advance payments for goods and services that will be used in future research and development activities as expenses when the service has been performed or when the goods have been received, rather than when the payment is made.

General and Administrative Expenses

General and administrative expenses consist primarily of salaries, benefits and other related costs, including stock-based compensation, for our personnel serving in our executive, business development, pre-commercial and finance and accounting functions. General and administrative expenses also include professional fees for marketing and other pre-commercial activities, legal, including patent-related expenses, consulting, insurance, board of director fees, tax and accounting services. We expect that our general and administrative expenses will increase significantly in the future as a result of the build out of our commercial organization and pre-commercial activities for PRV-031.

Interest Income

Interest income consists of interest income earned on our cash, cash equivalents and marketable securities.

RESULTS OF OPERATIONS

Comparison of the three months ended June 30, 2020 and 2019

	Three Months Ended June 30,		Three Months Ended June 30,		Increase
	2020		2019		(Decrease)
	(in thousands, except per share data)
Statement of Comprehensive Loss Data:
Operating expenses:
Research and development	$	15,032	$	10,550	$	4,482
General and administrative		7,764		1,707		6,057
Total operating expenses		22,796		12,257		10,539
Loss from operations		(22,796)		(12,257)		10,539
Interest income		151		253		(102)
Loss before income tax benefit		(22,645)		(12,004)		10,641
Income tax benefit		523		—		523
Net loss	$	(22,122)	$	(12,004)	$	10,118

Net loss per common share, basic and diluted	$	(0.45)	$	(0.32)
Weighted average common shares outstanding, basic and diluted		49,199		37,363

Research and Development Expenses

Research and development expenses were $15.0 million for the three months ended June 30, 2020, an increase of $4.5 million, compared to $10.5 million for the three months ended June 30, 2019. The increase related primarily to increased manufacturing and BLA submission costs for our PRV-031 program and start-up costs for our PRV-015 program, offset by a decrease in clinical development expenses for the PRINCE study (PRV-6527) and PULSE study (PRV-300), which were completed in 2019 and the PROTECT study (PRV-031), which was paused in March 2020 due to the COVID-19 pandemic. See the status of the PROTECT study in the description of our pipeline on page 25. Specifically, during the three months ended June 30, 2020, we incurred $7.5 million in manufacturing costs for PRV-031, including production costs for GMP and process performance qualification (PPQ) batches of drug supply and drug product. During the three months ended June 30, 2019, manufacturing costs for PRV-031 were $0.3 million. Research and development expenses for the three months ended June 30, 2020 and 2019 also included $1.7 million and $1.5 million, respectively, in personnel costs, including stock-based compensation.

General and Administrative Expenses

General and administrative expenses were $7.8 million for the three months ended June 30, 2020, an increase of $6.1 million, compared to $1.7 million for the three months ended June 30, 2019. General and administrative expenses for the three months ended June 30, 2020 and June 30, 2019 were comprised of the following:

	Three Months Ended June 30,		Three Months Ended June 30,		Increase
	2020		2019		(Decrease)
	(in thousands)
Pre-commercial expenses	$	4,939	$	—	$	4,939
General and administrative expenses		2,825		1,707		1,118
Total general and administrative expenses	$	7,764	$	1,707	$	6,057

Pre-commercial expenses were $4.9 million for the three months ended June 30, 2020 and primarily consisted of $4.3 million in costs of pre-commercial activities for PRV-031 and $0.6 million in personnel costs, including stock-based compensation. There were no pre-commercial expenses during the three months ended June 30, 2019.

General and administrative expenses were $2.8 million for the three months ended June 30, 2020 and primarily consisted of $1.4 million in personnel costs, including stock-based compensation, $1.0 million in professional fees and legal expenses and approximately $0.4 million in insurance and other costs associated with being a public company. General and administrative expenses were $1.7 million for the three months ended June 30, 2019 and were primarily comprised of $0.7 million in personnel costs, including stock-based compensation, $0.5 million in professional fees and legal expenses and approximately $0.4 million in insurance and other costs associated with being a public company.

Interest Income

Interest income was $0.2 million during the three months ended June 30, 2020, compared to $0.3 million during the three months ended June 30, 2019. The decrease in interest income during the three months ended June 30, 2020 primarily related to an overall reduction in interest rates in 2020, which is largely a result of changes in the economic environment related to the COVID-19 pandemic.

Income Tax Benefit

We recorded an income tax benefit of $0.5 million during the three months ended June 30, 2020, which related to proceeds from the sale of certain of our prior year New Jersey net operating losses. We did not record any income tax benefit or provision during the three months ended June 30, 2019.

Comparison of the six months ended June 30, 2020 and 2019

	Six Months Ended June 30,		Six Months Ended June 30,		Increase
	2020		2019		(Decrease)
	(in thousands, except per share data)
Statement of Comprehensive Loss Data:
Operating expenses:
Research and development	$	24,122	$	20,572	$	3,550
General and administrative		11,539		2,944		8,595
Total operating expenses		35,661		23,516		12,145
Loss from operations		(35,661)		(23,516)		12,145
Interest income		434		540		(106)
Loss before income tax benefit		(35,227)		(22,976)		12,251
Income tax benefit		523		—		523
Net loss	$	(34,704)	$	(22,976)	$	11,728

Net loss per common share, basic and diluted	$	(0.72)	$	(0.61)
Weighted average common shares outstanding, basic and diluted		48,449		37,362

Research and Development Expenses

Research and development expenses were $24.1 million for the six months ended June 30, 2020, an increase of $3.5 million, compared to $20.6 million for the six months ended June 30, 2019. The increase related primarily to increased costs for manufacturing and BLA submission costs for our PRV-031 program and start-up costs for our PRV-015 program, offset by a decrease in clinical development expenses for the PRINCE study (PRV-6527) and PULSE study (PRV-300), which were completed in 2019 and the PROTECT study (PRV-031), which was paused in March 2020 due to the COVID-19 pandemic. See the status of the PROTECT study in the description of our pipeline on page 25. Specifically, during the six months ended June 30, 2020, we incurred $9.8 million in manufacturing costs for PRV-031, including production costs for GMP and PPQ batches of drug supply and drug product. During the three months ended June 30, 2019, manufacturing costs for PRV-031 were $1.4 million. Research and development expenses for the six months ended June 30, 2020 and 2019 also included $3.3 million and $2.4 million, respectively, in personnel costs, including stock-based compensation.

General and Administrative Expenses

General and administrative expenses were $11.5 million for the six months ended June 30, 2020, an increase of $8.6 million, compared to $2.9 million for the six months ended June 30, 2019. General and administrative expenses for the six months ended June 30, 2020 and June 30, 2019 were comprised of the following:

	Six Months Ended June 30,		Six Months Ended June 30,		Increase
	2020		2019		(Decrease)
	(in thousands)
Pre-commercial expenses	$	6,005	$	—	$	6,005
General and administrative expenses		5,534		2,944		2,590
Total general and administrative expenses	$	11,539	$	2,944	$	8,595

Pre-commercial expenses were $6.0 million for the six months ended June 30, 2020 and primarily consisted of $4.9 million in costs of pre-commercial activities for PRV-031 and $1.1 million in personnel costs, including stock-based compensation. There were no pre-commercial expenses during the six months ended June 30, 2019.

General and administrative expenses were $5.5 million for the six months ended June 30, 2020 and primarily consisted of $2.7 million in personnel costs, including stock-based compensation, $1.7 million in professional fees and legal expenses and approximately $0.9 million in insurance and other costs associated with being a public company. General and administrative expenses were $2.9 million for the six months ended June 30, 2019 and were primarily comprised of $1.1 million in personnel costs, including stock-based compensation, $0.9 million in professional fees and legal expenses and approximately $0.7 million in insurance and other costs associated with being a public company.

Interest Income

Interest income was $0.4 million during the six months ended June 30, 2020, compared to $0.5 million during the six months ended June 30, 2019. The decrease in interest income during the six months ended June 30, 2020 primarily related to an overall reduction in interest rates in 2020, which is largely a result of changes in the economic environment related to the COVID-19 pandemic.

Income Tax Benefit

We recorded an income tax benefit of $0.5 million during the six months ended June 30, 2020, which related to proceeds from the sale of certain of our prior year New Jersey net operating losses. We did not record any income tax benefit or provision during the six months ended June 30, 2019.

LIQUIDITY AND CAPITAL RESOURCES

Overview

There is considerable time and cost associated with developing a potential drug or pharmaceutical product to the point of regulatory approval and commercialization. We have funded our operations to date through offerings of equity securities. We expect to continue to incur losses, as we plan to continue to fund development activities.

As of June 30, 2020, we had cash, cash equivalents and marketable securities of $172.2 million. We believe that our current cash, cash equivalents and marketable securities will be sufficient to fund our projected operating requirements for at least 12 months from the issuance of these financial statements.

We will need to raise additional capital to fund our operations, to develop and commercialize PRV-031, PRV-015, PRV-3279 and PRV-101 and to develop, acquire, or in-license other products. We plan to raise additional capital through equity offerings, debt, or potential out-licensing transactions. Such additional funding will be necessary to continue to develop our potential product candidates, to pursue the license or purchase of other technologies, to commercialize our product candidates or to purchase other products. We may seek to sell common or preferred equity or convertible debt securities, enter into a credit facility or another form of third-party funding, or seek other debt financing. In addition, we may consider raising additional capital to fund operating activities, to expand our business, to pursue strategic investments, to take advantage of financing opportunities, or for other reasons. The sale of equity and convertible debt securities may result in dilution to our stockholders and those securities may have rights senior to those of our common shares. If we raise additional funds through the issuance of preferred stock, convertible debt securities or other debt financing, these securities or other debt could contain covenants that would restrict our operations. Any other third-party funding arrangement could require us to relinquish valuable rights. We may require additional capital beyond our currently anticipated amounts. Additional capital may not be available on reasonable terms, or at all. If we are unable to obtain sufficient additional funds when required, we may be forced to delay, restrict or eliminate all or a portion of our development programs, dispose of assets or technology or cease operations.

Our cash requirements in 2020 and beyond will be impacted by a number of factors, the most significant of which are expenses related to PRV-031, including the PROTECT clinical trial, which commenced in April 2019, manufacturing activities, costs related to our BLA submission in the At-Risk indication, costs to build out our commercial infrastructure and pre-commercial activities for PRV-031. Other factors include costs related to our planned Phase 2b clinical study of PRV-015 and our continued development efforts for PRV-101.

In April 2017, we completed a private offering of 11,381,999 shares of our Series A Convertible Redeemable Preferred Stock, at a price of $2.50 per share, resulting in net cash proceeds from the sale of the shares, after deducting the underwriter’s discount and offering expenses, of $26.7 million.

In July 2018, we closed our initial public offering of 15,969,563 shares of common stock at a price of $4.00 per share. The net proceeds to the Company were $59.3 million, after deducting underwriters’ commissions of approximately $3.7 million and other offering expenses of approximately $0.8 million. In connection with the closing of the IPO, all of our shares of redeemable convertible preferred stock outstanding at the time of the IPO were automatically converted into 11,381,999 shares of common stock. In addition, the warrants issued in connection with the Series A Convertible Redeemable Preferred Stock also converted to warrants for the purchase of 558,740 shares of our common stock.

In August 2019, we entered into the Sales Agreement with SVB Leerink LLC (“SVBLeerink”) and Cantor Fitzgerald & Co. (“Cantor”) pursuant to which SVBLeerink and Cantor will serve as our sales agent to sell up to $50.0 million of shares of our common stock through an “at the market offering.” We have sold 725,495 shares of our common stock for aggregate net proceeds of approximately $9.9 million, net of $0.3 million in sales commissions, under the ATM program, all of which occurred during the quarter ended June 30, 2020. As a result, up to $39.8 million of shares of our common stock remain available for sale under the ATM program.

Cash Flows

As of June 30, 2020, we had cash, cash equivalents and marketable securities totaling $172.2 million. We currently have invested our cash, cash equivalents and marketable securities primarily in money market funds, U.S. Treasury securities and U.S. Government Agency securities.

The following table shows a summary of our cash flows for the six months ended June 30, 2020 and 2019:

	Six Months Ended June 30,		Six Months Ended June 30,
	2020		2019
	(in thousands)
Net cash (used in) provided by:
Operating activities	$	(26,942)	$	(17,301)
Investing activities		19,951		—
Financing activities		113,713		21
Net change in cash and cash equivalents	$	106,722	$	(17,280)

Cash Flows from Operating Activities

Net cash used in operating activities was $26.9 million for the six months ended June 30, 2020 and primarily related to cash used to fund clinical development, manufacturing, and pre-commercial activities for PRV-031, clinical development activities for PRV-015, development activities for PRV-101, and increased personnel costs to support our clinical programs and the build out of our corporate and commercial infrastructure. Our working capital was $163.8 million as of June 30, 2020.

Net cash used in operating activities was $17.3 million for the six months ended June 30, 2019 and primarily related to cash used to fund clinical development activities for PRV-031, PRV-6527, PRV-300, PRV-3279 and PRV-015, and development activities for PRV-101. Our working capital was $37.4 million as of June 30, 2019.

Cash Flows from Investing Activities

Net cash provided by investing activities was $20.0 million for the six months ended June 30, 2020 and primarily related to the proceeds received from the maturity of marketable securities totaling $29.0 million offset by purchases of marketable securities totaling $9.0 million.

There was no cash used in or provided by investing activities for the six months ended June 30, 2019.

Cash Flows from Financing Activities

Net cash provided by financing activities was $113.7 million and primarily related to net proceeds received from our underwritten public offering which closed in June 2020 of $103.3 million, net proceeds received from the sale of our common stock under our ATM program of $9.9 million, as well as cash received from stock option exercises during the period.

Net cash provided by financing activities was $21 thousand for the six months ended June 30, 2019 and related to proceeds from stock option exercises during the period.

Commitments and Contractual Obligations

In May 2018, we entered into the MacroGenics Asset Purchase Agreement with MacroGenics pursuant to which we acquired MacroGenics’ interest in teplizumab (renamed PRV-031), a humanized mAb for the treatment of T1D. We are obligated to pay MacroGenics contingent milestone payments totaling $170.0 million upon the achievement of certain regulatory approval milestones, including $60.0 million payable within 90 days of an approval of a BLA in the United States, which could occur in 2021. In addition, we are obligated to make contingent milestone payments to MacroGenics totaling $225.0 million upon the achievement of certain sales milestones. We have also agreed to pay MacroGenics a single-digit royalty on net sales of the product. We have also agreed to pay third-party obligations, including low single-digit royalties, a portion of which is creditable against royalties payable to MacroGenics, aggregate milestone payments of up to approximately $1.3 million and other consideration, for certain third-party intellectual property under agreements we assumed pursuant to the Asset Purchase Agreement. Further, we are required to pay MacroGenics a low double-digit percentage of certain consideration to the extent it is received in connection with a future grant of rights to PRV-031 by us to a third party. We are obligated to use reasonable commercial efforts to develop and seek regulatory approval for PRV-031. As of June 30, 2020, we have not achieved any milestones that would trigger payments to MacroGenics under the MacroGenics Asset Purchase Agreement.

In April 2017, we entered into the Vactech License Agreement, pursuant to which Vactech Ltd. (Vactech) granted us exclusive global rights for the purpose of developing and commercializing the group B coxsackie virus vaccine (CVB) platform technology. In consideration of the licenses and other rights granted by Vactech, we issued two million common shares to Vactech. We paid Vactech a total of approximately $0.5 million for transition and advisory services during the first 18 months of the term of the agreement. In addition, we are obligated to make a series of contingent milestone payments to Vactech totaling up to an additional $24.5 million upon the achievement of certain clinical development and regulatory filing milestones. In addition, we have agreed to pay Vactech tiered single-digit royalties on net sales of any approved product based on the CVB platform technology and three additional payments totaling $19.0 million upon the achievement of certain annual net sales levels. As of June 30, 2020, we have not achieved any milestones that would trigger payments to Vactech.

In March 2018, we entered into the Intravacc Development Services Agreement with The Institute of Translational Vaccinology, pursuant to which Intravacc will provide services related to process development, non-GMP and GMP manufacturing of our polyvalent CVB vaccine, including providing proprietary technology for manufacturing purposes. We will pay Intravacc approximately 10 million euros for their services over the development and manufacturing period which we currently expect will last for approximately 24 to 30 months. Each party retains its existing intellectual property and will share newly developed intellectual property via a fully-paid non-exclusive license between the parties for all development work through phase 1 clinical trials. Any future use, including commercial use, of Intravacc’s technology will be subject to a separate nonexclusive license agreement. The Intravacc Development Services Agreement may be terminated by us with ninety-days’ notice without cause and by either party upon a material breach or insolvency of the other party. As of June 30, 2020, we have paid Intravacc a total of approximately 9.0 million euros, or approximately $10.5 million, for services provided by Intravacc under the Intravacc Development Services Agreement.

In May 2018, we entered into the MacroGenics License Agreement with MacroGenics, Inc., pursuant to which MacroGenics granted us exclusive global rights for the purpose of developing and commercializing MGD010 (renamed PRV-3279), a humanized protein and a potential treatment for SLE and other similar diseases. We are obligated to make contingent milestone payments to MacroGenics totaling $42.5 million upon the achievement of certain developmental and approval milestones for the first indication, and an additional $22.5 million upon the achievement of certain regulatory approvals for a second indication. In addition, we are obligated to make contingent milestone payments to MacroGenics totaling $225.0 million upon the achievement of certain sales milestones. We have also agreed to pay MacroGenics a single-digit royalty on net sales of the product. Further, we are required to pay MacroGenics a low double-digit percentage of certain consideration to the extent received in connection with a future grant of rights to PRV-3279 by us to a third party. We are obligated to use commercially reasonable efforts to develop and seek regulatory approval for PRV-3279. The license agreement may be terminated by either party upon a material breach or bankruptcy of the other party, by Provention without cause upon prior notice to MacroGenics, and by MacroGenics in the event that we challenge the validity of any licensed patent under the agreement, but only with respect to the challenged patent. As of June 30, 2020, we have not achieved any milestones that would trigger payments to MacroGenics under the MacroGenics License Agreement.

In November 2018, we entered into the Amgen Agreement with Amgen for PRV-015 (formerly AMG 714), a novel anti-IL-15 monoclonal antibody being developed for the treatment of gluten-free diet NRCD. Under the terms of the agreement, we will conduct and fund a Phase 2b trial in NRCD and lead the development and regulatory activities for the program. Amgen has agreed to make an equity investment of up to $20.0 million in us, which was completed in September 2019. See Note 6 – License and Other Agreements for further details. Amgen is also responsible for the manufacturing of PRV-015. Upon completion of the Phase 2b trial, a $150.0 million milestone payment is due from Amgen to us, plus an additional regulatory milestone payment, and single digit royalties on future sales. If Amgen elects not to pay the $150.0 million milestone, AMG 714 rights will be transferred to us pursuant to a termination license agreement from Amgen and us. We will be obligated to make certain contingent milestone payments to Amgen and other third parties totaling up to $70.0 million upon the achievement of certain clinical and regulatory milestones and a low double-digit royalty on net sales of any approved product based on the IL-15 technology. The agreement may be terminated by us without cause (in which case the exclusive global rights to the technology will transfer back to Amgen) and by either party upon a material breach. The agreement expires upon the expiration of Amgen’s last obligation to make royalty payments to Provention (or, our last obligation to make royalty payments to Amgen, if the program rights are transferred to us). As of June 30, 2020, we have not achieved any milestones that would trigger payments to Amgen under the Amgen Agreement.

In April 2017, we entered into the Janssen CSF-1R License Agreement, pursuant to which Janssen Pharmaceutica NV granted us exclusive global rights for the purpose of developing and commercializing a colony stimulating factor 1 receptor (CSF-1R) inhibitor named JNJ-40346527 (renamed PRV-6527) for inflammatory bowel diseases including Crohn’s disease and UC. We evaluated PRV-6527 for Crohn’s disease in a recently completed Phase 2a clinical trial (the PRINCE study). In December 2019, Janssen declined its option to buy back the rights to PRV-6527 and as such, all rights will remain with us. We will be obligated to make contingent milestone payments to Janssen totaling $35.0 million upon the achievement of certain clinical and regulatory milestones for the first indication and an additional $20.0 million upon the achievement of certain clinical and regulatory milestones for a second indication. In addition, we have agreed to pay Janssen tiered single-digit royalties on net sales of any approved product based on the CSF-1R technology and three additional payments totaling $100.0 million upon the achievement of certain annual net sales levels. As of June 30, 2020, no milestones have been achieved that would trigger payments to Janssen under the CSF-1R License Agreement.

In February 2019, we entered into a services agreement with AGC Biologics (“AGC”) to manufacture and supply teplizumab, PRV-031, for our anticipated clinical supply needs. We may terminate the agreement or any statement of work thereunder with approximately 12 months’ prior written notice to AGC. If we provide less than 12 months’ notice of termination, we may incur a cancellation fee depending on the timing of such notice. AGC may terminate the agreement if we do not, over a specified period, purchase and take delivery from AGC of a specified minimum quantity of API for teplizumab. Each party also has the right to terminate the agreement for other customary reasons such as material breach and bankruptcy. The agreement contains provisions relating to compliance by AGC with current Good Manufacturing Practices, cooperation by AGC in connection with potential marketing applications for PRV-031, indemnification, confidentiality, dispute resolution and other customary matters for an agreement of this kind.

The table below presents a summary of our contractual obligations as of June 30, 2020:

	Payments Due By Period
			Within						More than
	Total		1 year		1-3 Years		3-5 Years		5 years
	(In thousands)
Purchase obligations ⁽¹⁾	$	1,550	$	1,550	$	—	$	—	$	—
Total ⁽²⁾	$	1,550	$	1,550	$	—	$	—	$	—

⁽¹⁾	Purchase obligations represent our commitments under binding forecasts, and purchase orders (inclusive of cancellation fees), including those provided under our agreement(s) with AGC. The actual amounts incurred will be determined based on the amount of goods purchased and the pricing then in effect under the applicable arrangement.

⁽²⁾	This table does not include (a) any milestone payments which may become payable to third parties under license agreements as the timing and likelihood of such payments are not known with certainty, (b) any royalty payments to third parties as the amounts, timing and likelihood of such payments are not known, and (c) contracts that are entered into in the ordinary course of business that are not material in the aggregate in any period presented above.

In July 2020, we entered into an agreement to lease our new corporate headquarters in Red Bank, NJ, for which the initial lease term expires 70 months from the lease commencement date, with base annual lease payments of approximately $0.2 million. Upon commencement of the lease, which is anticipated to occur in the second half of 2020, the lease will be accounted for as an operating lease. We are still evaluating the impact of this lease on our financial statements.

In addition, in the course of normal business operations, we have agreements with contract service providers to assist in the performance of our research and development and manufacturing activities. Expenditures to CROs, CMOs and other clinical development related vendors represent significant costs in clinical development. Subject to required notice periods and our obligations under binding purchase orders, we can elect to discontinue the work under these agreements at any time. We could also enter into additional collaborative research, contract research, manufacturing, and supplier agreements in the future, which may require upfront payments and even long-term commitments of cash.

We also have employment agreements with certain employees which require the funding of a specific level of payments, if certain events, such as a change in control or termination without cause, occur.

Future Funding Requirements

To date, we have not generated revenue, and we do not know when, or if, we will generate revenue. We do not expect to generate revenue unless or until we obtain marketing approval of, secure reimbursement for, and commercialize, our product candidates. We will need to raise additional capital to fund our operations, to develop and commercialize our product candidates, and to develop, acquire, in-license or co-promote other products. Our future capital requirements may be substantial and will depend on many factors.

Off-Balance Sheet Arrangements

We do not have any off-balance sheet arrangements that have or are reasonably likely to have a current or future material effect on our financial condition, revenues or expenses, results of operations, liquidity, capital expenditures or capital resources. We do not have any interest in special purpose entities, structured finance entities or other variable interest entities.

Critical Accounting Policies and Estimates

Preparation of financial statements in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles in the US requires us to make estimates and assumptions affecting the reported amounts of assets, liabilities, and expenses and the disclosures of contingent assets and liabilities. We use our historical experience and other relevant factors when developing our estimates and assumptions. We continually evaluate these estimates and assumptions. The amounts of assets and liabilities reported in our balance sheets and the amounts of expenses reported in our statements of comprehensive loss are affected by estimates and assumptions, which are used for, but not limited to, the accounting for research and development, stock-based compensation, accrued expenses and equity-classified warrants. The accounting policies discussed below are considered critical to an understanding of our financial statements because their application places the most significant demands on our judgment. Actual results could differ from our estimates. For additional accounting policies, see Note 3 to our Financial Statements— Summary of Significant Accounting Policies.

Research and Development

Research and development expenses consist primarily of salaries, benefits and other related costs, including stock-based compensation, for personnel serving our development functions, and other internal operating expenses, the cost of clinical studies, and the cost of our drug candidates for clinical study. In addition, research and development expenses include payments to third parties for the development and manufacturing of our product candidates and the estimated fair value for the issuance of equity for the license rights to products in development (prior to marketing approval). Our expenses related to clinical trials are primarily related to activities at contract research organizations that design, gain approval for and conduct clinical trials on our behalf. Such amounts are then recognized as an expense as the related goods are delivered or the services are performed.

Stock-Based Compensation

We recognize stock-based compensation expense for awards of equity instruments based on the grant-date fair value of those awards. The grant-date fair value of the award is recognized as compensation expense ratably over the requisite service period, which generally equals the vesting period of the award. We also grant performance-based stock options. The grant-date fair value of the performance-based stock options is recognized as compensation expense once it is probable that the performance condition will be achieved. We record actual forfeitures in the period the forfeiture occurs.

We used the Black-Scholes option-pricing model to estimate the fair value of option awards with the following weighted-average assumptions for the period indicated:

	Six Months Ended June 30,		Six Months Ended June 30,
	2020		2019

Exercise price	$	13.09	$	10.45
Expected volatility		73%		72%
Expected dividends		—		—
Expected term (in years)		6.2		6.3
Risk-free interest rate		1.05%		1.94%

The weighted-average valuation assumptions were determined as follows:

	●	Risk-free interest rate: we base the risk-free interest rate on the interest rate payable on U.S. Treasury securities in effect at the time of grant for a period that is commensurate with the assumed expected option term.
	●	Expected annual dividends: the estimate for annual dividends is 0%, because we have not historically paid, and do not expect for the foreseeable future to pay, a dividend.
	●	Expected stock price volatility: the expected volatility used is based on historical volatilities of similar entities within our industry which were commensurate with our expected term assumption.
	●	Expected term of options: the expected term of options represents the period of time options are expected to be outstanding. The expected term of the options granted to employees is derived from the “simplified” method as described in Staff Accounting Bulletin 107 relating to stock-based compensation, whereby the expected term is an average between the vesting period and contractual period due to our limited operating history.

Stock-based compensation expense is included in both research and development expenses and general and administrative expenses in the Statement of Comprehensive Loss.

Accrued Research and Development Expenses

As part of the process of preparing our financial statements, we are required to estimate our accrued expenses. This process involves reviewing quotations and contracts, identifying services that have been performed on our behalf and estimating the level of service performed and the associated cost incurred for the service when we have not yet been invoiced or otherwise notified of the actual cost. The majority of our service providers invoice us monthly in arrears for services performed or when contractual milestones are met. We make estimates of our accrued expenses as of each balance sheet date in our financial statements based on facts and circumstances known to us at that time. We periodically confirm the accuracy of our estimates with the service providers and make adjustments if necessary. The significant estimates in our accrued research and development expenses are related to expenses incurred with respect to CROs, CMOs and other vendors in connection with research and development and manufacturing activities.

We base our expenses related to CROs and CMOs on our estimates of the services received and efforts expended pursuant to quotations and contracts with such vendors that conduct research and development and manufacturing activities on our behalf. The financial terms of these agreements are subject to negotiation, vary from contract to contract and may result in uneven payment flows. There may be instances in which payments made to our vendors will exceed the level of services provided and result in a prepayment of the applicable research and development or manufacturing expense. In accruing service fees, we estimate the time period over which services will be performed and the level of effort to be expended in each period. If the actual timing of the performance of services or the level of effort varies from our estimate, we adjust the accrual or prepaid expense accordingly. Although we do not expect our estimates to be materially different from amounts actually incurred, our understanding of the status and timing of services performed relative to the actual status and timing of services performed may vary and could result in us reporting amounts that are too high or too low in any particular period. There have been no material changes in estimates for the periods presented.

Recent Accounting Pronouncements

See Note 3, “Significant Accounting Policies”, in the accompanying notes to financial statements, which is incorporated herein by reference.

ITEM 3.

QUANTITATIVE AND QUALITATIVE DISCLOSURES ABOUT MARKET RISK

Not applicable.

ITEM 4.

CONTROLS AND PROCEDURES

Evaluation of Disclosure Controls and Procedures

Our management, with the participation of our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, evaluated the effectiveness of our disclosure controls and procedures as of June 30, 2020. The term “disclosure controls and procedures,” as defined in Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e) under the Exchange Act, means controls and other procedures of a company that are designed to ensure that information required to be disclosed by a company in the reports that it files or submits under the Exchange Act is recorded, processed, summarized and reported, within the time periods specified in the Securities and Exchange Commission’s rules and forms. Disclosure controls and procedures include, without limitation, controls and procedures designed to ensure that information required to be disclosed by a company in the reports that it files or submits under the Exchange Act is accumulated and communicated to the company’s management, including its principal executive and principal financial officers, as appropriate to allow timely decisions regarding required disclosure. Management recognizes that any controls and procedures, no matter how well designed and operated, can provide only reasonable assurance of achieving their objectives and management necessarily applies its judgment in evaluating the cost-benefit relationship of possible controls and procedures.

Based on the evaluation of our disclosure controls and procedures as of June 30, 2020, our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer concluded that, as of such date, our disclosure controls and procedures were effective at the reasonable assurance level.

Changes in Internal Control over Financial Reporting

No changes in our internal control over financial reporting (as defined in Rules 13a-15(d) and 15d-15(d) under the Exchange Act) occurred during the quarter ended June 30, 2020 that have materially affected, or are reasonably likely to materially affect, our internal control over financial reporting.

Because of its inherent limitations, internal control over financial reporting may not prevent or detect misstatements. From time to time, we make changes to our internal control over financial reporting that are intended to enhance our effectiveness, and which do not have a material effect on our overall internal control over financial reporting. As a newly public company, we continue the process of reviewing and documenting our disclosure controls and procedures, including our internal controls and procedures for financial reporting, and may from time to time make changes aimed at enhancing their effectiveness and to ensure that our systems evolve with our business.

PART II. Other Information

ITEM 1.

LEGAL PROCEEDINGS

We are not currently subject to any material legal proceedings.

ITEM 1A.

RISK FACTORS

In addition to other information set forth in this report, you should carefully consider the risk factors discussed under the “Risk Factors” section included in our 2019 Annual Report on Form 10-K, which was filed with the SEC on March 12, 2020, as amended by Amendment No. 1 on Form 10-K/A, and filed with the SEC on April 8, 2020 and as further amended on Amendment No. 2 on Form 10-K/A, and filed with the SEC on August 6, 2020. The information presented below updates, and should be read in conjunction with, the risk factors and information disclosed in our Form 10-K. Except as presented below, there have been no material changes from the risk factors described in our Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2019.

The recent outbreak of the novel coronavirus 2019 (COVID-19) has caused delays to our clinical trials. Moreover, the longer the pandemic persists, the more impact it will have on our clinical trial plans and timelines.

The COVID-19 pandemic continues to drive global uncertainty and has caused, and may continue to cause, delays to the development of certain of our product candidates. Out of an abundance of caution to protect patients, caregivers, clinical site staff, company employees as well as due to facility closures, quarantine, travel restrictions and other governmental restrictions in March 2020 we temporarily paused the enrollment and randomization of new patients with newly diagnosed type 1 diabetes (T1D) into our global Phase 3 PROTECT study teplizumab. During the second quarter of 2020, we began enrolling patients in the PROTECT study on a country by country and site by site basis. We expect that a majority of sites will be actively enrolling patients by the end of the third quarter of 2020, subject to potential additional COVID-19 related interruptions and other local conditions. Also, we, with our partner Amgen, collectively decided that, to protect the integrity and quality of the PRV-015 Phase 2b trial in gluten free diet non-responsive celiac disease, we will stagger study startup throughout the third quarter of 2020 rather than initiating screening in the second quarter of 2020, as had originally been scheduled. Delays in completing our clinical trials are expected to increase our costs, slow our development and approval process and could negatively impact our ability to commence product sales and generate revenues.

The rapid development and fluidity of the pandemic precludes any prediction as to the ultimate impact of COVID-19. The full extent of the impact and effects of COVID-19 on our business, operations, liquidity, financial condition and results of operations remain uncertain at this time.

Commencing January 1, 2021, we will no longer be an “emerging growth company,” and the reduced disclosure requirements applicable to emerging growth companies will no longer apply to us.

We are currently an “emerging growth company,” as defined in the Jumpstart Our Business Startups Act of 2012 (the “JOBS Act”). Because, as of June 30, 2020, the market value of our common stock that was held by non-affiliates exceeded $700 million, we will no longer qualify for such status commencing January 1, 2021. As a large-accelerated filer, we will be subject to certain disclosure requirements that are applicable to other public companies that have not been applicable to us as an emerging growth company. These requirements include:

	●	compliance with the auditor attestation requirements in the assessment of our internal control over financial reporting;

	●	compliance with any requirement that may be adopted by the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board regarding mandatory audit firm rotation or a supplement to the auditor’s report providing additional information about the audit and the financial statements;

	●	full disclosure obligations regarding executive compensation; and

	●	compliance with the requirements of holding a nonbinding advisory vote on executive compensation and shareholder approval of any golden parachute payments not previously approved.

We have incurred increased costs as a result of operating as a public company, and our management is now required to devote substantial time to additional compliance initiatives and corporate governance practices.

As a public company, and particularly commencing January 1, 2021 when we will no longer be an “emerging growth company” or a “smaller reporting company,” we do and will continue to incur significant legal, accounting and other expenses that we did not incur as a private company. The Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, the Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act, the listing requirements of The NASDAQ Global Select Market and other applicable securities rules and regulations impose various requirements on public companies, including establishment and maintenance of effective disclosure and financial controls and corporate governance practices. Our management and other personnel devote a substantial amount of time to these compliance initiatives. Moreover, these rules and regulations have increased our legal and financial compliance costs and will make some activities more time-consuming and costly.

Pursuant to Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, or Section 404, commencing January 1, 2021, because we will no longer be an emerging growth company, we will be required to include with our annual report an attestation report on internal control over financial reporting issued by our independent registered public accounting firm, which is both costly and challenging. In this regard, we will need to continue to dedicate internal resources, engage outside consultants and potentially increase our efforts to assess and document the adequacy of our systems of internal control over financial reporting. Despite our efforts, there is a risk that neither we nor our independent registered public accounting firm will be able to conclude, within the prescribed timeframe or at all, that our internal controls over financial reporting is effective as required by Section 404. If we identify one or more material weaknesses, it could result in an adverse reaction in the financial markets due to a loss of confidence in the reliability of our financial statements.

ITEM 2.

UNREGISTERED SALES OF EQUITY SECURITIES AND USE OF PROCEEDS

Recent Sales of Unregistered Securities

None.

Use of Proceeds from Initial Public Offering of Common Stock

The offer and sale of the shares in the IPO was registered under the Securities Act pursuant to registration statements on Form S-1 (File No. 333-224801), which was filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC), on May 9, 2018 and amended subsequently and declared effective on July 3, 2018, and Form S-1MEF (File No. 333-226198), which was filed with the SEC on July 16, 2018 and was effective on filing with the SEC. These registration statements, collectively, registered a maximum offering amount of $65.5 million of our common stock in connection with our IPO, pursuant to which we sold 15,969,563 shares of common stock to the public at a price of $4.00 per share. The IPO closed on July 19, 2018, generating net proceeds of approximately $59.3 million after deducting underwriting commissions of approximately $3.7 million and other offering expenses of $0.8 million payable by us. The offering terminated before all of the securities registered on the registration statements had been sold.

MDB Capital Group, LLC acted as sole book-running manager for the offering. Dougherty & Company LLC acted as qualified independent underwriter for the offering. Anthony DiGiandomenico, a former member of our board of directors, is a co-founder of MDB.

As of June 30, 2020, we have used all of the net proceeds from our initial public offering to fund ongoing development activities for PRV-031, PRV-6527, PRV-300, PRV-101, PRV-3279, pre-commercial activities for PRV-031 and for working capital and other general corporate purposes. There was no material change in our planned use of the net proceeds from the offering as described in our final prospectus filed with the SEC on July 17, 2018 pursuant to Rule 424(b) under the Securities Act.

We did not use any of the net proceeds from the offering to make payments by us, directly or indirectly, to any director or officer of ours (other than payment in the ordinary course of business of salaries and/or director fees) or to any of their associates, or to any persons owning ten percent or more of our common stock or to their associates, or to our affiliates, other than the underwriting commission paid to MDB Capital Group and underwriter warrants issued to MDB.

ITEM 3.

DEFAULTS UPON SENIOR SECURITIES

None.

ITEM 4.

MINE SAFETY DISCLOSURES

Not applicable.

ITEM 5.

OTHER INFORMATION

None.

ITEM 6.

EXHIBITS

10.1		Employment Agreement, effective August 3, 2020, between the Company and Heidy Abreu King-Jones.

31.1		Certification of Chief Executive Officer pursuant to Rule 13a-14(a) or Rule 15(d)-14(a) (filed herewith, Exhibit 31.1).

31.2		Certification of Chief Financial Officer pursuant to Rule 13a-14(a) or Rule 15(d)-14(a) (filed herewith, Exhibit 31.2).

32.1		Certification of Chief Executive Officer pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350 (filed herewith, Exhibit 32.1).

32.2		Certification of Chief Financial Officer pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350 (filed herewith, Exhibit 32.2).

101		The following materials from Provention Bio, Inc.’s Form 10-Q for the quarter ended June 30, 2020, formatted in Inline eXtensible Business Reporting Language (iXBRL): (i) Condensed Balance Sheets at June 30, 2020 and December 31, 2019, (ii) Condensed Statements of Comprehensive Loss for the three and six months ended June 30, 2020 and 2019, (iii) Condensed Statements of Stockholders’ Equity for the three and six months ended June 30, 2020 and 2019 (iv) Condensed Statements of Cash Flows for the six months ended June 30, 2020 and 2019, and (v) Notes to Condensed Financial Statements.

SIGNATURE

Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned thereunto duly authorized.

		PROVENTION BIO, INC.

		August 6, 2020

		By:	/s/ Andrew Drechsler
			Andrew Drechsler
			Chief Financial Officer
			(Authorized Officer and Principal Financial Officer)